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<title>La CPI confirme les charges de quatre suspects Kenyan – la requête des victimes d’ajouter les charges de destruction de propriété et de pillage est rejetée</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/30-la-cpi-confirme-les-charges-de-quatre-suspects-kenyan--la-requete-des-victimes-dajouter-les-charges-de-destruction-de-propriete-et-de-pillage-est-rejetee</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le 23 janvier 2012, la Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire II de la Cour P&eacute;nale Internationale (CPI) a estim&eacute; que les preuves port&eacute;es &agrave; sa connaissance &eacute;taient suffisantes pour renvoyer en proc&egrave;s les affaires contre William&nbsp;Samoei&nbsp;Ruto, Joshua Arap Sang (Affaire 1), Francis&nbsp; Kirimi&nbsp; Muthaura et Uhuru&nbsp; Muigai&nbsp; Kenyatta (Affaire 2). Les juges ont refus&eacute; de confirmer les charges contre deux autres suspects, Henry&nbsp;Kiprono&nbsp;Kosgey et Mohammed Hussein Ali[1]. Bien que la D&eacute;fense et le Bureau du Procureur (BdP) puisse faire appel contre cette d&eacute;cision, M. Luis Moreno-Ocampo a d&eacute;j&agrave; indiqu&eacute; que le BdP ne ferait pas usage de ce droit.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Les six suspects sont accus&eacute;s de crimes contre l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; pour leur r&ocirc;le suppos&eacute; dans les violences post-&eacute;l&eacute;ctorales au Kenya, en 2007-2008. Suite aux enqu&ecirc;tes du BdP au Kenya, Ruto, Kosgey et Sang, ainsi que Muthaura, Kenyatta et Ali avaient &eacute;t&eacute; somm&eacute;s de compara&icirc;tre devant la Cour en mars 2011. Tous se sont pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s de leur plein gr&eacute;, et, en septembre 2011, l&rsquo;audience de confirmation des charges s&rsquo;est tenue devant la Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire II. Les chefs d&rsquo;accusation incluent le meurtre, la d&eacute;portation ou le transfert forc&eacute; de population, la pers&eacute;cution et, dans l&rsquo;affaire 2, la violence sexuelle. Cette semaine, la Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire II a d&eacute;cid&eacute;, avec une opinion dissidente, de confirmer ces charges contre Ruto, Sang, Muthaura et Kenyatta.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Deux aspects de la d&eacute;cision de la Chambre pr&eacute;sentent un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t particulier: la d&eacute;cision concernant la demande des victimes d&rsquo;inclure une accusation de destruction de propri&eacute;t&eacute;, et la d&eacute;cision acceptant de reconna&icirc;tre des charges cumulatives.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dans Ruto et al., la Chambre a rejet&eacute; l&rsquo;argument de la Repr&eacute;sentante L&eacute;gale des Victimes, Me Chana, selon lequel le BdP avait ignor&eacute; les crimes de destruction de propri&eacute;t&eacute; et de pillage. En effet, le 30 septembre 2011, Me Chana avait demand&eacute; &agrave; la Chambre d&rsquo;exercer son droit de demander au BdP d&rsquo;amender les charges[2], afin d&rsquo;inclure explicitement ces crimes[3]. En r&eacute;ponse, les juges ont avanc&eacute; que bien que la destruction de propri&eacute;t&eacute; et le pillage n&rsquo;&eacute;taient pas inclus dans les chefs d&rsquo;accusation en tant que tel, ces crimes avaient &eacute;t&eacute; pris en compte sous l&rsquo;accusation de transfert forc&eacute; de population, puisqu&rsquo;ils constituaient les &laquo;&nbsp;&lsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments coercitifs&rsquo; ayant men&eacute; aux d&eacute;placements&nbsp;&raquo;. De plus, la Chambre a consid&eacute;r&eacute; que la demande de Me Chana reviendrait &agrave; ajouter un chef d&rsquo;accusation, plut&ocirc;t qu&rsquo;&agrave; amender un chef existant &ndash;une action que le Statut n&rsquo;autorise pas.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dans Muthaura et al., le BdP avait avanc&eacute; que la destruction de propri&eacute;t&eacute; et le pillage avait provoqu&eacute; de &laquo;&nbsp;s&eacute;v&egrave;res s&eacute;quelles sur la sant&eacute; mentale&nbsp;&raquo;, qui justifiait la qualification des crimes comme actes inhumain constituant des crimes contre l&rsquo;humanit&eacute;. La Chambre a reconnu que des destructions et des pillages avaient vraisemblablement &eacute;t&eacute; commis, n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; convaincue que les preuves &eacute;taient suffisantes pour &eacute;tablir les s&eacute;quelles mentales &nbsp;que ces crimes &eacute;taient sens&eacute;s avoir g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;es.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Une grande incertitude demeure quant aux r&eacute;parations qui pourraient &ecirc;tre accord&eacute;es aux victimes, puisqu&rsquo;aucune proc&eacute;dure de ce type n&rsquo;a encore eu lieu &agrave; la CPI. Toutefois, il semble peu probable que les victimes de crimes autres que ceux &eacute;nonc&eacute;s dans les chefs d&rsquo;accusation puissent demander des r&eacute;parations devant la Cour. La d&eacute;cision de la Chambre de ne pas ajouter ou amender les chefs d&rsquo;accusation li&eacute;s aux destructions et aux pillages pourraient donc rendre difficiles les demandes de r&eacute;paration pour les victimes de ces crimes apr&egrave;s le proc&egrave;s.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">L&rsquo;affaire Ruto a &eacute;galement soulev&eacute; la question des charges cumulatives, qui s&rsquo;&eacute;tait d&eacute;j&agrave; pos&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;affaire Bemba. Cette pratique implique qu&rsquo;une m&ecirc;me action criminelle peut faire l&rsquo;objet de deux chefs d&rsquo;accusation diff&eacute;rents[4]. Dans cette affaire, la D&eacute;fense avait avanc&eacute; que le meurtre et le d&eacute;placement forc&eacute; &eacute;taient subsum&eacute;s sous le chef de pers&eacute;cution. Par cons&eacute;quence les actes de meurtre et de d&eacute;placement ne devraient pas faire l&rsquo;objet de deux chefs d&rsquo;accusation&nbsp;; seul le chef de pers&eacute;cution devrait &ecirc;tre retenu. Les juges ont clarifi&eacute; que tant que chaque chef d&rsquo;accusation comprenait un &eacute;l&eacute;ment mat&eacute;riel distinct des autres, les charges cumulatives &eacute;taient permises. Ayant trouv&eacute; que les chefs de meurtre et de d&eacute;placement forc&eacute; incluaient des &eacute;l&eacute;ments mat&eacute;riels distincts du chef de pers&eacute;cution, les juges ont conclu que les charges cumulatives &eacute;taient pertinentes.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Plusieurs ONG se sont r&eacute;jouies de la d&eacute;cision de la Cour, et ont incit&eacute; le gouvernement du Kenya &agrave; coop&eacute;rer pleinement avec la CPI. Elles ont &eacute;galement recommand&eacute; d&rsquo;initier des poursuites judiciaires au niveau national contre d&rsquo;autres suspects de rangs inf&eacute;rieurs, afin de mettre un terme &agrave; une culture de l&rsquo;impunit&eacute; au Kenya, particuli&egrave;rement au sein des forces de police.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<br clear="all" />

<p>[1] Decisions sur la Confirmation des Charges Conform&eacute;ment &agrave; l&rsquo;article 61(7)(a) et (b) du Statut de Rome, ICC-01/09-02/11-382 and ICC-01/09-01/11-373, 23 January 2012</p>


<p>[2] D&rsquo;apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;article 61(7)(c)(ii) du Statut de Rome, la Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire peut &laquo;&nbsp;modifier une charge si les &eacute;l&eacute;ments de preuve produits semblent &eacute;tablir qu&rsquo;un crime diff&eacute;rent, relevant de la comp&eacute;tence de la Cour, a &eacute;t&eacute; commis.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>


<p>[3] &lsquo;Observations finales des Repr&eacute;sentants des Victimes concernant l&rsquo;audience de confirmation des charges&rsquo;, 30 septembre 2011, para. 11</p>


<p>[4] &lsquo;D&eacute;cision conforme &agrave; l&rsquo;article 61(7)(a) et (b) du Statut de Rome concernant les chefs d&rsquo;accusation du BdP contre Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo&rsquo;, 15 juin 2009, para. 202</p>


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</description>
<author>Noemi Manco</author>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 16:03:13 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Charges confirmed against 4 accused in the Kenyan cases  -  victims’ request to add separate charges of looting and destruction of property is rejected</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/32-charges-confirmed-against-4-accused-in-the-kenyan-cases-----victims-request-to-add-separate-charges-of-looting-and-destruction-of-property-is-rejected</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p>On 23 January 2012, Pre-trial chamber II of the International Criminal Court (ICC) found that there was sufficient evidence to move the cases against William&nbsp;Samoei&nbsp;Ruto, and Joshua Arap Sang (Case 1) and Francis&nbsp; Kirimi&nbsp; Muthaura,&nbsp; and Uhuru&nbsp; Muigai&nbsp; Kenyatta (Case 2)&nbsp; to trial stage. The judges declined to confirm charges against two other suspects, Henry&nbsp;Kiprono&nbsp;Kosgey and Mohammed Hussein Ali[1]. Although both the Prosecutor and the Defence have the right to appeal the decision, M. Luis Moreno-Ocampo has already stated that the Prosecution would not make use of this right.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The six suspects faced charges of crime against humanity for their alleged role in post-elections violence in Kenya in 2007-2008. Following the Prosecutor&rsquo;s investigations in Kenya, Ruto, Kosgey and Sang, and Muthaura, Kenyatta and Ali were summoned before the Court in March 2011. All of them appeared willingly, and in September 2011, confirmation of charges hearings began before Pre-trial Chamber II. The charges included murder, deportation or forcible transfer of population, persecution, and, for Case 2 suspects, also sexual violence. This week, Pre-trial Chamber II, one judge dissenting, decided to confirm the charges against Ruto, Sang, Muthaura and Kenyatta.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Of particular interest, is the Chamber&rsquo;s ruling on a request by victims for charges of destruction of property to be added, as well as its finding that in the present case, that cumulative charging was permissible.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In Ruto et al., the Chamber rejected the claim from the Victims&rsquo; Legal Representative, Ms. Chana, that the Prosecutor had ignored the crimes of property destruction and lootings. On 30 September 2011, Ms. Chana had asked that the Chamber request the Prosecution to amend its charges[2] in order to explicitly include these crimes[3]. In response, the judges found that although property destruction and looting were not included in the charges as such, they were taken into account under the count of forcible displacement, as &ldquo;the "coercive acts" through which forced displacement actually occurred.&rdquo; Moreover, the Chamber considered that Ms. Chana&rsquo;s request would imply requesting the Prosecutor to add a new charge, rather than to amend the existing ones &ndash;an action that is not allowed by the Statute.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In Muthaura et al., the Chamber rejected the Prosecution&rsquo;s submission that destruction of property and looting had incurred &lsquo;severe injury to mental health&rsquo; and thus amounted to inhumane acts constituting crimes against humanity. The Chamber, while recognising that there was sufficient proof that such acts occurred, remained unconvinced that the evidence heard was sufficient to establish the mental injury they had allegedly caused.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>While a lot of questions remain unanswered in the absence of any reparation proceedings having yet taken place before the ICC, it seems unlikely that victims of crimes other than those charged will be able to claim reparation before the Court. Thus, the failure to confirm or add charges in relation to looting and destruction of property could make it more difficult for victims of these crimes to claim reparations after trial.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In addition, the issue of cumulative charging had arisen in the Ruto case. This practice implies that the same criminal conduct can be prosecuted under two different counts. In this case, the Defence had argued that as the elements of murder and forcible displacement were fully subsumed within the charge of persecution, acts of murder and forcible displacement should not be prosecuted under two separate counts. Therefore, only the charge of persecution should be retained. The Chamber clarified that as long as each count required a materially distinct element not contained in the other, cumulative charging permissible. It then found that the counts of murder and forcible displacement did require materially distinct elements from the count of persecution, thus cumulative charging was appropriate.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Several NGOs have welcomed the Court&rsquo;s decision, and urged the Kenyan Government to fully cooperate with the ICC. They have also emphasised the necessity to try lower-level suspects at the national level as a way to end long-standing impunity for officials in Kenya, especially among police forces.</p>
<br clear="&quot;all&quot;" />

<p>[1] Decisions on the Confirmation of Charges Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute, ICC-01/09-02/11-382 and ICC-01/09-01/11-373, 23 January 2012</p>


<p>[2] Under article Article 61(7)(c)(ii) of the Rome Statute, the Pre-Trial Chamber may &ldquo;adjourn the hearing to consider (&hellip;) amending a charge because the evidence submitted appears to establish a different crime within the jurisdiction of the Court.&rdquo;</p>


<p>[3] &lsquo;Final written observations of the Victims' Representative in relation to the confirmation of charges hearing&rsquo;, 30 September 2011, para. 11</p>


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</description>
<author>Noemi Manco</author>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 09:28:53 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Les victimes réclament que la Cour Pénale Internationale rende justice dans l’affaire Mbarushimana</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/29-les-victimes-réclament-que-la-cour-pénale-internationale-rende-justice-dans-l’affaire-mbarushimana</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Au cours de l&rsquo;audience de confirmation des charges qui a eu lieu entre le 16 et le 21 septembre 2001 dans l&rsquo;affaire Mbarushimana, les repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux des 130 victimes admises ont mis en avant le v&oelig;u des victimes que la communaut&eacute; internationale leur rende justice. Soulignant que seule la CPI pouvait punir les auteurs et accorder une r&eacute;paration aux victimes, ils ont restitu&eacute; l&rsquo;opinion des victimes selon laquelle le proc&egrave;s initierait un processus de restauration de paix et de compr&eacute;hension quant aux actes commis et les raisons de leur commission.[1]</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ceci fait &eacute;cho aux observations d&eacute;pos&eacute;es r&eacute;cemment au sujet de la contestation de la comp&eacute;tence de la Cour par la d&eacute;fense. Le 19 juillet 2011 la d&eacute;fense de Callixte Mbarushimana a soulev&eacute; l&rsquo;exception de comp&eacute;tence de la Cour, sur le fondement que la proc&eacute;dure exc&eacute;dait le mandat de la situation d&eacute;fer&eacute;e par le gouvernement de la RDC &agrave; la CPI.[2] Bien que les proc&eacute;dures d&rsquo;exception de comp&eacute;tence soit communes devant la CPI, ce cas met en lumi&egrave;re deux points int&eacute;ressants quant aux droits des victimes.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">D&rsquo;abord, dans le contexte d&rsquo;une contestation de comp&eacute;tence, l&rsquo;article 59 du R&egrave;glement de proc&eacute;dure et de preuves (RPP)[3] pr&eacute;voit que les victimes admises dans l&rsquo;affaire, mais &eacute;galement les victimes ayant&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;communiqu&eacute; avec la Cour&nbsp;&raquo; peuvent soumettre leurs observations ou faire par &eacute;crit des repr&eacute;sentations &agrave; la Chambre.[4] En pratique cela signifie que les victimes qui ont fait une demande de participation mais qui sont toujours dans l&rsquo;attente d&rsquo;une d&eacute;cision sur leur statut peuvent pr&eacute;senter leurs observations &agrave; la Cour. Ceci est particuli&egrave;rement important dans l&rsquo;affaire Mbarushimana dans la mesure o&ugrave; plus de 450 demandes de participation de victimes re&ccedil;ues par la Cour n&rsquo;ont pas encore &eacute;t&eacute; examin&eacute;es par la Chambre.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La seconde originalit&eacute; de l&rsquo;affaire r&eacute;side dans le contenu des observations transmises par le Bureau du conseil public pour les Victimes (BCPV).[5] Nourris par le travail de professionnels sur le terrain, le document livre une image rare et compl&egrave;te des aspirations de 145 victimes quant &agrave; la proc&eacute;dure et les raisons pour lesquelles elles souhaitent que la CPI se charge de l&rsquo;affaire. Il ressort des t&eacute;moignages que la pr&eacute;occupation principale des victimes touche &agrave; leur s&eacute;curit&eacute;. Elles mettent en avant le fait que&nbsp;les conditions de s&eacute;curit&eacute; sur le terrain ne se sont absolument pas am&eacute;lior&eacute;es et que les populations font toujours &laquo;&nbsp;face aux attaques r&eacute;guli&egrave;res des FDLR&nbsp;&raquo;. Les camps dans lesquels se trouvent retranch&eacute;es les victimes en Territoire Kalebe connaissent des incursions des FDLR et les victimes rel&egrave;vent les risques de repr&eacute;sailles, d&rsquo;extermination et de g&eacute;nocide de la tribu des Batembo qui est la communaut&eacute; principalement victime de ces crimes. Les victimes d&eacute;noncent l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; ou les r&eacute;ticences du gouvernement congolais, m&ecirc;me en conjonction avec les efforts de la communaut&eacute; internationale, &agrave; mettre hors d&rsquo;&eacute;tat de nuire et punir les auteurs des violations. La conclusion g&eacute;n&eacute;rale des observations rendues par les victimes est que la CPI est la seule juridiction capable de conduire de fa&ccedil;on appropri&eacute;e un r&ocirc;le effectif&nbsp; et dissuasif, ainsi que de rendre une justice &laquo;&nbsp;cr&eacute;dible et impartiale&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dans cette mesure, le document pose la question de la capacit&eacute; de la CPI &agrave; r&eacute;pondre de fa&ccedil;on ad&eacute;quate aux attentes &eacute;lev&eacute;es des victimes. En mati&egrave;re de protection des populations, ainsi que de r&eacute;paration il est l&eacute;gitime de se demander si les espoirs des victimes ne sont pas tr&egrave;s &eacute;loign&eacute;s de ce que la Cour peut leur offrir. Afin de ne pas induire les victimes en erreur, il sera crucial d&rsquo;informer clairement les victimes sur ce qu&rsquo;elles peuvent attendre de la Cour, sp&eacute;cialement compte tenu du nombre &eacute;lev&eacute; de victimes et des moyens limit&eacute;s dont la Cour dispose.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Une d&eacute;cision portant sur la confirmation des charges devrait &ecirc;tre rendue avant le 21 novembre tel que requis par la R&egrave;gle 53 du R&egrave;glement de la Cour. En attendant, les victimes devront patienter en esp&eacute;rant que leurs espoirs plac&eacute;s dans la justice de la CPI soient r&eacute;alis&eacute;s.</p>
<br /> 


<p>[1] Transcription remarques liminaires&nbsp; des repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux des victimes, 16 septembre 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-T-6-Red2-FRA, p 32, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1244724.pdf</p>


<p>[2] Exception d&rsquo;incomp&eacute;tence de la Cour soulev&eacute;e par la D&eacute;fense, 19 juillet 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-290-tFRA</p>


<p>[3] R&egrave;gle 59 Participation aux proc&eacute;dures selon le paragraphe 3 de l&rsquo;article 19</p>


<p>[4] D&eacute;cision invitant au d&eacute;p&ocirc;t d&rsquo;observations concernant l&rsquo;Exception d&rsquo;incomp&eacute;tence de la Cour soulev&eacute;e par la D&eacute;fense, 16 ao&ucirc;t 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-377-tFRA, http://212.159.242.180/iccdocs/doc/doc1211803.pdf; Observations de victimes autoris&eacute;es &agrave; participer &agrave; la proc&eacute;dure sur l&rsquo; &laquo; Exception d&rsquo;incomp&eacute;tence de la Cour soulev&eacute;e par la D&eacute;fense &raquo; (ICC-01/04-01/10-290-tFRA), 12 septembre 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1230728.pdf</p>


<p>[5] Observations on behalf of victims on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court, 12 septembre 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-417-RED, http://212.159.242.180/iccdocs/doc/doc1230975.pdf; Annexe 1 - Observations on behalf of victims on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court (ICC-01/04-01/10-417), 13 septembre 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-417-Anx1-Red, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1230977.pdf</p>


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</description>
<author>Marion Colin</author>
<pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 17:17:34 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Victims in the Mbarushimana case call for the International Criminal Court\'s justice</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/28-victims-in-the-mbarushimana-case-call-for-the-international-criminal-court’s-justice</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During the confirmation of charges hearing that took place in the Mbarushimana case between 16 and 21 September 2011 legal representatives for the 130 participating victims highlighted victims&rsquo; demand for justice from the international community. Stressing that only the ICC can provide punishment and reparation for their clients, they stated that victims see the trial as the beginning of a process of restoring peace and of understanding what happened and why.[1]</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This echoes some of the submissions made recently in the context of the Defence&rsquo;s jurisdictional challenge. Indeed, on 19 July 2011, Callixte Mbarushimana&rsquo;s Defence challenged the jurisdiction of the Court, arguing that the proceedings did not fall within the scope of the situation referred by the Government of the DRC to the ICC.[2] While jurisdictional challenges are quite common in ICC&rsquo;s proceedings, this challenge had brought to light two interesting points regarding victims&rsquo; rights.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">First, as provided for under Rule 59 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RPE)[3], in the context of proceedings arising from a challenge to the jurisdiction of the Court, not only victims admitted in the case, but also &ldquo;victims who have communicated with the Court&rdquo; can make written observations or representations to the Chamber.[4] In this instance, it meant that victims who had submitted an application to participate in the proceedings but were still awaiting a decision on their participatory status were able to present their views to the Court. This is particularly important in the Mbarushimana case, as over 450 victims&rsquo; applications for participation which have been received by the court, have not yet been ruled upon by the Chamber.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The second originality lies in the content of the observations submitted by the Office of Public Counsel for Victims (OPCV).[5]&nbsp;Fed from the work of individuals in the field, the document delivers a rare and comprehensive picture of what 145 victims think of the process and why they wish the ICC to proceed with the case. &nbsp;The main victims&rsquo; concern relates to considerations around their safety. They stress that &ldquo;security conditions in the field are not improving in the least and they still face regular attacks from the FDLR&rdquo;. Displaced persons camps in Kalebe are said to be regularly targeted and victims, especially from the Batembo tribe, to face risks of retaliation, extermination and genocide. Victims also denounce the Congolese inability or unwillingness, despite the help of the international community, to bring perpetrators under control and to prosecute them. The overall conclusion from victims&rsquo; observations is that the ICC is &ldquo;the only jurisdiction able to adequately play an effective and deterrent role&rdquo;, as well as to render an &ldquo;impartial and credible justice&rdquo;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In that regard, the document raises questions as to the ICC&rsquo;s capacity to respond adequately to the high expectations of victims. In terms of protection and reparation, one can wonder whether victims&rsquo; hopes are not disconnected from what the Court can offer to them. In order not to be deceiving, it will be crucial that victims are informed clearly of what they can expect, especially considering the large amount of victims and the limited resources of the Court.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A decision on the confirmation of charges should be delivered before the 21th of November as required by Regulation 53 of the Regulations of the Court. Until then, victims will have to wait hoping that their call for the ICC's justice will be realised.</p>
<br /> 


<p>[1] Transcripts Opening Statement by the Legal Representatives of Victims, 16 September 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-T-6-RED, p38, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1240120.pdf</p>


<p>[2] Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court&rdquo; , 19 July 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-290</p>


<p>[3] Rule 59 Participation in proceedings under article 19, paragraph 3</p>


<p>[4] Decision requesting observations on t he "Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court"&nbsp; ICC-01/04-01/10-377 , 16 August 2011, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1204089.pdf; Observations de victimes autoris&eacute;es &agrave; participer &agrave; la proc&eacute;dure sur l&rsquo; &laquo; Exception d&rsquo;incomp&eacute;tence de la Cour soulev&eacute;e par la D&eacute;fense &raquo; (ICC-01/04-01/10-290-tFRA), 12 September 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1230728.pdf</p>


<p>[5] Observations on behalf of victims on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court (ICC-01/04-01/10-417), 12 September &nbsp;2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-417-RED, http://212.159.242.180/iccdocs/doc/doc1230975.pdf; Annexe 1 - Observations on behalf of victims on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court (ICC-01/04-01/10-417), 13 September 2011, ICC-01/04-01/10-417-Anx1-Red, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1230977.pdf</p>


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</description>
<author>Marion Colin</author>
<pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 16:21:44 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Les déclarations de clôture dans l\'affaire Lubanga, ce que les victimes avaient à dire</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/27-les-déclarations-de-clôture-dans-laffaire-lubanga-ce-que-les-victimes-avaient-à-dire</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le proc&egrave;s de Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ancien chef de la milice UPC-FPLC (Union des Patriotes Congolais-Forces Patriotiques pour la Lib&eacute;ration du Congo) qui s'&eacute;tait ouvert en janvier 2009, est entr&eacute; dans sa derni&egrave;re phase. Les d&eacute;clarations finales du Bureau du Procureur, des Repr&eacute;sentants L&eacute;gaux des Victimes et de la D&eacute;fense ont &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es &agrave; la Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance les Jeudi 25 et Vendredi 26 ao&ucirc;t 2011. Thomas Lubanga, 50 ans, est jug&eacute; pour le crime de guerre d&rsquo;enr&ocirc;lement et conscription d&rsquo;enfants de moins de 15 ans (article 8 du Statut de Rome). Thomas Lubanga Dyilo a plaid&eacute; non coupable. Malgr&eacute; de nombreux rebondissement proc&eacute;duraux ayant presque aboutit &agrave; la lib&eacute;ration du pr&eacute;venu, ce premier proc&egrave;s devant la Cour P&eacute;nale Internationale restera une r&eacute;f&eacute;rence pour ce qui est de la question de la participation des victimes et de la mise en &oelig;uvre de leurs droits dans un proc&egrave;s p&eacute;nal international.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">En effet, la participation des victimes a &eacute;t&eacute; tr&egrave;s active et innovatrice durant toute la proc&eacute;dure. Par exemple, suite &agrave; la d&eacute;cision de la Chambre d&rsquo;Appel de Juillet 2008 autorisant les victimes participantes &agrave; produire des &eacute;l&eacute;ments de preuve touchant &agrave; la culpabilit&eacute; ou &agrave; l&rsquo;innocence de l&rsquo;accus&eacute; et &agrave; contester l&rsquo;admissibilit&eacute; ou la pertinence d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments de preuve[1], trois victimes ont &eacute;t&eacute; autoris&eacute;e &agrave; participer au proc&egrave;s et &agrave; t&eacute;moign&eacute; en personne devant la Cour confirmant ainsi le droit des victimes &agrave; agir ind&eacute;pendamment du Procureur[2].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le Conseil Principal au Bureau du Conseil Public pour les Victimes (BCPV), Mme Paolina Massidda a soulign&eacute; le fait que les victimes avaient fait preuve d&rsquo;initiative &agrave; plusieurs reprises durant le proc&egrave;s. En effet, en mai 2009, les victimes avaient demand&eacute; la requalification juridique des charges pesant contre l&rsquo;accus&eacute; de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; y inclure les charges d&rsquo;esclavage sexuel et de traitement cruel. Mme Massidda a aussi insist&eacute; sur le fait que dans leurs conclusions finales &eacute;crites, les victimes avaient requis de la Chambre que Thomas Lubanga soit reconnu responsable en qualit&eacute; d&#697;auteur direct, et non pas seulement en qualit&eacute; de co&#8208;auteur comme demand&eacute; par le Procureur du crime d&rsquo;enr&ocirc;lement, de conscription et de participation forc&eacute;e d&rsquo;enfants de moins de 15 ans &agrave; des hostilit&eacute;s.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Les conclusions finales des Repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux des victimes portaient principalement sur trois points. En premier lieu, ils ont rappel&eacute; que l&rsquo;objectif ultime des victimes &eacute;tait d&rsquo;&eacute;tablir la v&eacute;rit&eacute; et de faire &laquo;&nbsp;entendre leur voix&nbsp;&raquo; au sein du m&eacute;canisme judiciaire charg&eacute; de juger la personne qu&rsquo;elles consid&eacute;raient responsable de leur souffrance. Ensuite, le second point soulev&eacute; lors des conclusions finales concernait l&rsquo;&eacute;tendue du traumatisme subit par les victimes. Ma&icirc;tre Massidda a rappel&eacute; qu&rsquo;aucune r&eacute;paration ne pourrait rendre aux enfants soldats leurs enfance vol&eacute;e ni compenser les traitements inhumains, les abus physiques et psychologiques ainsi que les violences sexuelles qu&rsquo;ils avaient subit quotidiennement dans les camps d&rsquo;entrainements. Le pr&eacute;judice indirect des parents caus&eacute; par l&rsquo;enl&egrave;vement et la conscription de leurs enfants dans les forces arm&eacute;es a aussi &eacute;t&eacute; mentionn&eacute;. Enfin, les repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux ont insist&eacute; sur la s&eacute;curit&eacute; des victimes rappelant que malgr&eacute; les malgr&eacute; les mesures de protection &eacute;tablies par la Cour plusieurs victimes avaient &eacute;t&eacute; menac&eacute;es et pers&eacute;cut&eacute;es en repr&eacute;sailles de leurs t&eacute;moignages.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Enfin, les d&eacute;clarations finales ont jet&eacute; un jour nouveau sur la question de la violence sexuelle. Le fait que ce crime n&rsquo;avait pas fait partie des charges retenues &agrave; l&rsquo;encontre de l&rsquo;accus&eacute; avait &eacute;t&eacute; fortement d&eacute;plor&eacute; par les organisations de soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile travaillant avec les victimes. Durant les d&eacute;clarations finales, la Juge Odio Benito a demand&eacute; au Bureau du Procureur comment la violence inflig&eacute;e aux petites filles devait &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;affaire dans la mesure o&ugrave; ce crime ne figurait pas express&eacute;ment dans le mandat d&rsquo;arr&ecirc;t d&eacute;livr&eacute; contre l&rsquo;accus&eacute;. Le Bureau du Procureur se basant sur la d&eacute;finition jurisprudentielle de ce que constituait &laquo;&nbsp;la&nbsp;participation active des enfants dans la conduite des hostilit&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo;[3] a estim&eacute; que la violence sexuelle repr&eacute;sentait une forme d&rsquo;utilisation active des enfants dans les hostilit&eacute;s. En outre, le Procureur a pr&eacute;cis&eacute; que les crimes sexuels devaient &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme un &eacute;l&eacute;ment de la conscription, c'est-&agrave;-dire que la violence sexuelle inflig&eacute;e dans ce cadre repr&eacute;sentait la dimension de genre du crime d&rsquo;enr&ocirc;lement, de conscription et de participation forc&eacute;e d&rsquo;enfants &agrave; des hostilit&eacute;s[4]. Les repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux ont adopt&eacute; une position similaire demandant aux juges de consid&eacute;rer la violence sexuelle comme une circonstance aggravante du crime de d&rsquo;enr&ocirc;lement, de conscription et de participation forc&eacute;e d&rsquo;enfants de moins de 15 ans &agrave; des hostilit&eacute;s. Si thomas Lubanga venait &agrave; &ecirc;tre reconnu coupable, il serait int&eacute;ressant de voir si les juges adopteront cette interpr&eacute;tation extensive de l&#697;infraction de conscription et de d&rsquo;utilisation active d&#697;enfants soldats de moins de 15 ans &agrave; des hostilit&eacute;s en temps de guerre.</p>
<br /> 


<p>[1] Arr&ecirc;t relatif aux appels interjet&eacute;s par le Procureur et la D&eacute;fense contre la D&eacute;cision relative &agrave; la participation des victimes rendue le 18 janvier 2008 par la Chambre de premi&egrave;re instance I, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432-tFRA, 11 juillet 2008, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc549362.PDF, paragraphe 105 p.37; &nbsp;</p>


<p>[2]REDRESS timeline on the Lubanga trial, http://www.redress.org/downloads/ThomasLubangaVictimsTimeline-250811.pdf</p>


<p>[3] Prosecution closing briefs, 01 June 2011, ICC-01/04-01/06-2748-Red, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1123809.pdf, paragraphe 139, 142 and 143 p. 59 and 62.&nbsp;Transcriptions&nbsp; des d&eacute;clarations de cl&ocirc;ture du Bureau du Procureur, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-356-FRA, 25 ao&ucirc;t 2011, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1210343.pdf &nbsp;p. 48 ligne 15 &agrave; 28</p>


<p>[4] Transcriptions&nbsp; des d&eacute;clarations de cl&ocirc;ture du Bureau du Procureur, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-356-FRA, 25 ao&ucirc;t 2011, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1210343.pdf, p. 47 - 48 ligne 15 &agrave; 4</p>


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</description>
<author>Nisma Bounakhla</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:59:09 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Closing statements in the Lubanga case, what the victims had to say</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/26-closing-statements-in-the-lubanga-case-what-the-victims-had-to-say</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The trial of Thomas Lubanga, allegedly former chief of UPC-FPLC militia, has reached its final stage with the closing statements of the Office of the Prosecutor, Legal Representatives of victims and the Defense held on 25th and 26 August 2011. Thomas Lubanga is being tried for the war crimes of conscription, enlistment and use of child soldiers under the age of 15 during the Ituri conflict between September 2002 and August 2003 (Article 8 - Rome Statute), he has pleaded not guilty. Despite many controversies and new twists that halted the trial and nearly resulted in the release of the accused twice, the first trial at the International Criminal Court represents a positive step forward as to the question of victims&rsquo; participation in international criminal proceedings. Indeed, notwithstanding whether Thomas Lubanga is convicted or not by the judges, the first trial of the ICC will remain for many, a landmark trial with regard to victims&rsquo; participation and contribution to the implementation of victim&rsquo;s rights before the ICC.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As mentioned during the closing arguments, victims&rsquo; participation throughout the ICC&rsquo;s first trial has been challenging and innovative in many respects. For example, following the Appeal Chamber&rsquo;s confirmation that victims were allowed to lead and challenge evidence relating to the guilt or innocence of the accused in 2008[1], three victims successfully applied and were allowed to testify in person for the first time before the Court. In 2010, they came and presented evidence in the trial, thus grounding further the rights of victims to participate independently of the Prosecutor and present evidence before the Court.[2]</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During her closing submissions, the Principal Counsel of the Office of Public Counsel for Victims (OPCV), Ms. Paolina Massidda, stressed the proactive contribution of victims throughout the trial. Indeed, in May 2009 victims sought to modify the legal characterisation of the facts supporting the charges brought against the accused so as to include additional charges of sexual slavery and cruel and inhuman treatment; Ms Massidda also underlined that victims wanted Thomas Lubanga held liable not only as a co&#8208;perpetrator, but as a direct perpetrator for the alleged crime of enlistment, conscription and use of child soldiers under the age of 15.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The main concerns of victims outlined by victims&rsquo; legal representatives during the closing submissions were threefold. First, they asserted that the ultimate goal of victims was the search for the truth and their wish to have their voices heard at the heart of the court proceedings judging the man they believed to be most responsible for their suffering. The second point raised was the scale of the trauma experienced by the victims, most of whom were children at the time. As stated by Ms Paolina Massidda, nothing, not even reparation, will be able to fully restore the children&rsquo;s stolen childhood or compensate them fully for the inhuman treatment they were subjected to, the wide range of physical and psychological abuses, the violent acts and the sexual violence they endured on a daily basis in the training camps. The parents&rsquo; indirect harm due to the moral and psychological suffering they experienced by the abduction and enlistment of their children was also highlighted. Finally, it was mentioned that, despite protective measures implemented by the Court, many victims who had appeared as prosecution witnesses, had suffered threats or reprisals in retaliation for their testimonies before the Court. &nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The final statements made by the victims&rsquo; legal representatives also revisited the issues surrounding the non-inclusion of charges relating to sexual violence, which has long been deplored by civil society organisations working with victims. As was queried by Judge Odio Benito to the Prosecution during the closing hearings: how is sexual violence experienced by girls relevant to the case and how does the Prosecution expect the Chamber to address that issue in so far as there is no mention of sexual violence in the document containing the charges against the accused? The Prosecution indicated in its closing brief, that sexual violence should be considered as a form of active participation of children in hostilities, basing its argument on international jurisprudence relating to the definition of &ldquo;active participation in hostilities&rdquo;.[3] In addition, during the hearing, the Prosecutor specified that sexual violence had been inflicted to young girls during their conscription and therefore was to be considered as an element of conscription, and in fact, as the &ldquo;gender aspect&rdquo; of the crime of conscription[4]. This echoes victims&rsquo; legal representatives&rsquo; position that sexual violence should be considered as an aggravating circumstance to the crime of enlistment, recruitment and active participation of children under the age of 15 in hostilities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Should Thomas Lubanga be convicted, it will be interesting to see whether the Judges will adopt the wider definition of the crime of conscription suggested by the Prosecution and victims&rsquo; legal representatives.</p>
<br /> 


<p>[1] Judgment on the appeals of The Prosecutor and The Defence against Trial Chamber I's Decision on Victims' Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc529076.PDF; paragraphe 105 p. 35.</p>


<p>[2] REDRESS timeline on the Lubanga trial, http://www.redress.org/downloads/ThomasLubangaVictimsTimeline-250811.pdf.</p>


<p>[3] Prosecution closing briefs, 01 June 2011, ICC-01/04-01/06-2748-Red, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1123809.pdf, paragraphe 139, 142 and 143 p. 59 and 62.&nbsp;Transcript Office of the Prosecutors Closing Statements, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-356, 25 August 2011, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1210316.pdf, p.55 line 16 to 20</p>


<p>[4] Transcript Office of the Prosecutors Closing Statements, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-356, 25 August 2011,http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1210316.pdf, p. 54 line 8 to 22</p>


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</description>
<author>Nisma Bounakhla</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:47:13 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Les victimes s’opposent à la tenue de l’audience de la confirmation des charges au Kenya</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/25-les-victimes-s’opposent-à-la-tenue-de-l’audience-de-la-confirmation-des-charges-au-kenya</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">Depuis l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e en vigueur du Statut de Rome, il y a eu de nombreux appels pour que la Cour exerce son pouvoir de si&eacute;ger plus pr&egrave;s de l&rsquo;endroit o&ugrave; les crimes ont eu lieu.[1] Jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; pr&eacute;sent, la Cour a consid&eacute;r&eacute; organiser des audiences in situ dans quatre affaires, cependant cela ne s&rsquo;est encore pas concr&eacute;tis&eacute;. Dans l&rsquo;affaire Thomas Lubanga Dyilo la Chambre n&rsquo;a pas r&eacute;ussi &agrave; obtenir le consentement de la R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo (RDC).[2]&nbsp; La Chambre a expliqu&eacute; que la RDC avait jug&eacute; que des audiences in situ seraient &laquo;inappropri&eacute;es, car cela pourrait conduire &agrave; des tensions ethniques dans une r&eacute;gion qui avait r&eacute;cemment &eacute;t&eacute; pacifi&eacute;e et qui &eacute;tait potentiellement instable&raquo;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le 7 octobre 2009, la Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance III (CPI III) avait annonc&eacute; qu&rsquo;elle consid&eacute;rait organiser des audiences in situ dans l'affaire Bemba et elle avait invit&eacute; les parties et les participants &agrave; communiquer leurs observations.[3] L'Accusation et les Repr&eacute;sentants L&eacute;gaux des Victimes avaient fait valoir que des audiences in situ permettraient de conscientiser, de maximiser l&rsquo;impact dissuasif de la Cour et de promouvoir le droit de l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la justice des victimes.[4] En outre, ils ont sugg&eacute;r&eacute; que cela contribuerait &agrave; la transparence de la proc&eacute;dure et &agrave; am&eacute;liorer la perception de l'impartialit&eacute; de la proc&eacute;dure. N&eacute;anmoins, ils ont soulign&eacute; que les t&eacute;moins devraient b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier de mesures de protection et que les audiences in situ ne devraient pas co&iuml;ncider avec les prochaines &eacute;lections. Cependant, dans cette affaire aussi, aucune audience in situ n&rsquo;a encore eu lieu.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tr&egrave;s r&eacute;cemment, la Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire II (CP II) a aussi annonc&eacute; qu'elle &eacute;tait en train d'&eacute;valuer la faisabilit&eacute; et d&eacute;sirabilit&eacute; d&rsquo;organiser l'audience de la confirmation des charges des suspects dans les affaires Kenyanes sur le territoire de la R&eacute;publique du Kenya.[5] Alors que, l&rsquo;ONG &lsquo;No Peace Without Justice&rsquo; a demand&eacute; en vain d&rsquo;intervenir comme amicus sur la fa&ccedil;on dont les audiences in situ faciliteraient le droit des victimes &agrave; participer aux proc&eacute;dures de mani&egrave;re efficace et efficiente,[6] l&rsquo;Accusation et le Bureau de Conseil Public des Victimes (BCPV), agissant au nom des victimes, se sont oppos&eacute;s fermement &agrave; la tenue des audiences de confirmation des charges au Kenya.[7] Ils ont fait valoir que la situation s&eacute;curitaire et l&rsquo;appareil gouvernemental n&rsquo;&eacute;taient pas propices &agrave;&nbsp;la tenue ad&eacute;quate de l&rsquo;audience. Notamment, le BCPV a fait valoir qu&rsquo;exiger aux t&eacute;moins de t&eacute;moigner en personne au Kenya constituerait un risque de divulgation de leur identit&eacute; et pourrait mener &agrave; des tentatives d&rsquo;'intimidation. Enfin, le BCPV a fait valoir que les audiences in situ pourraient augmenter le risque d&rsquo;une &eacute;ruption de violence. &nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">En effet, alors que les victimes restent d&eacute;sireuses de voir la Cour si&eacute;ger plus proche des communaut&eacute;s affect&eacute;es, des garanties de protection sont primordiales pour transposer le pouvoir qu&rsquo;a la Cour de tenir des audiences in situ en r&eacute;alit&eacute;. Une telle occurrence d&eacute;pendra largement des conditions de s&eacute;curit&eacute; dans les Pays-Situation et de la capacit&eacute; et volont&eacute; de l&rsquo;&Eacute;tat concern&eacute; de coop&eacute;rer avec la Cour et de s&rsquo;assurer qu&rsquo;il y a des &nbsp;arrangements ad&eacute;quats en place en mati&egrave;re de protection. En attendant, dans le cas du Kenya, les victimes ont clairement indiqu&eacute; que les risques vis-&agrave;-vis de leur s&eacute;curit&eacute; surpassaient les avantages de potentielles auditions in situ.</p>
<br />


<p>[1] Article 3, par. 3 du Statut de Rome.</p>


<p>[2] Voir Annex 2 of Decision issuing a confidential and a public redacted version of&nbsp; &ldquo;Decision on disclosure issues, responsibilities for protective measures and other procedural matters&rdquo;, 24 avril 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1311-Anx2, par. 105.</p>


<p>[3] 16 novembre 2009, voir les transcriptions de la conf&eacute;rence de mise en &eacute;tat tenue le 7 octobre 2009, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-14.</p>


<p>[4] Prosecution&rsquo;s Submission to Conduct Part of the Trial In Situ, 12 octobre 2009, ICC-01/05-01/08-555, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc758831.pdf; R&eacute;ponse conjointe des repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux des victimes aux observations du Bureau du Procureur concernant la tenue de certaines audiences du proc&egrave;s en R&eacute;publique centrafricaine, 3 novembre 2009, ICC-01/05-01/08-584, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc774074.pdf.</p>


<p>[5] Decision Requesting Observations on the Place of the Proceedings for the Purposes of the Confirmation of Charges Hearing, 3 juin 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-106, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1083960.pdf; et ICC-01/09-02/11-102, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1083962.pdf.</p>


<p>[6] Request for leave to submit Amicus Curiae observations pursuant to Rule 103 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 10 juin 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-119, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1087503.pdf; et ICC-01/09-02/11-112, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1087510.pdf.</p>


<p style="text-align: justify;">[7] Prosecution&rsquo;s Submissions Regarding Proposal to Conduct the confirmation Hearing in Kenya, 13 juin 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-127, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1090119.pdf; Observations of Victim Applicants on the Place of the Proceedings for the Purposes of the Confirmation of charges Hearing, 13 juin 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-126,&nbsp; http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1090133.pdf.</p>


]]>
</description>
<author>Timothy Synhaeve</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2011 11:08:19 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Victims oppose holding the confirmation of charges hearing in Kenya</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/24-victims-oppose-holding-the-confirmation-of-charges-hearing-in-kenya</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">Since the entry into force of the Rome Statute, there have been numerous calls for the Court to make use of its power to sit closer to where the crimes have taken place.[1] So far, the Court considered holding in situ hearings in four cases, however such hearings are yet to take place. In the case of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I did not succeed to obtain the consent of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).[2] The Chamber explained that the DRC deemed it &lsquo;inappropriate as it could lead to ethnic tensions in an area that had been recently pacified and is potentially unstable&rsquo;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">On 7 October 2009, Trial Chamber III held that it considered holding in situ hearings in the Bemba case, and requested the parties and participants to submit observations.[3] Both the Prosecution and the Legal Representatives of Victims argued that in situ hearings would raise awareness, maximize the deterrence impact of the Court, and advance victims&rsquo; right to access to justice.[4] In addition, they suggested that it would contribute to the transparency of the proceedings and enhance the perception of the impartiality of the proceedings. Nevertheless, they emphasized that witnesses should benefit from protective measures and that the in situ hearings shouldn&rsquo;t coincide with the upcoming elections. However, in this case as well, no in situ hearings have yet taken place.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Very recently, Pre-Trial Chamber II (PTC II) also announced that it was in the process of assessing the desirability and feasibility of conducting the confirmation of charges hearings of the suspects in the two Kenyan cases on the territory of the Republic of Kenya.[5] While the NGO No Peace without Justice unsuccessfully&nbsp; requested to intervene as amicus with regards to how in situ hearings would facilitate the right of victims to participate in proceedings in an effective and efficient way,[6] both the Prosecution and the Office of the Public Counsel for Victims (OPCV), acting on behalf of the victim applicants, strongly opposed holding the confirmation of charges hearings in Kenya.[7] They argued that the security situation and governmental apparatus in place are not conducive to a proper hearing. In particular, OPCV claimed that requiring witnesses to testify in person in Kenya would risk disclosure of their identity and could lead to intimidation. Lastly, the OPCV argued that in situ confirmation of charges hearings could increase the danger of an outbreak of violence.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, while victims remain keen to see the Court move closer to affected communities, guarantees of protection are paramount to transpose the Court&rsquo;s power to hold in situ hearings into reality. Such an occurrence will largely depend on security conditions in Situation Countries and the ability and willingness of the relevant State to cooperate with the Court and ensure that adequate protection arrangements are in place. In the meantime, in the case of Kenya, victims have made it clear that the advantages of in situ hearings were outweighed by the risks to their security.</p>
<br /> 


<p>[1] Article 3, par. 3 of the Rome Statute.</p>


<p>[2] See Annex 2 of Decision issuing a confidential and a public redacted version of &ldquo;Decision on disclosure issues, responsibilities for protective measures and other procedural matters&rdquo;, 24 April 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1311-Anx2, par. 105.</p>


<p>[3] 7 October 2009, First Status Conference, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-14.</p>


<p>[4] Prosecution&rsquo;s Submission to Conduct Part of the Trial In Situ, 12 October 2009, ICC-01/05-01/08-555, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc758831.pdf; R&eacute;ponse conjointe des repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux des victimes aux observations du Bureau du Procureur concernant la tenue de certaines audiences du proc&egrave;s en R&eacute;publique centrafricaine, 3 November 2009, ICC-01/05-01/08-584, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc774074.pdf.</p>


<p>[5] Decision Requesting Observations on the Place of the Proceedings for the Purposes of the Confirmation of Charges Hearing, 3 June 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-106, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1083960.pdf; and&nbsp; ICC-01/09-02/11-102, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1083962.pdf.</p>


<p>[6] Request for leave to submit Amicus Curiae observations pursuant to Rule 103 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 10 June 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-119, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1087503.pdf; and, ICC-01/09-02/11-112, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1087510.pdf.</p>


<p style="text-align: justify;">[7] Prosecution&rsquo;s Submissions Regarding Proposal to Conduct the confirmation Hearing in Kenya, 13 June 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-127, http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1090119.pdf; Observations of Victim Applicants on the Place of the Proceedings for the Purposes of the Confirmation of charges Hearing, 13 June 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-126,&nbsp; http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1090133.pdf.</p>


]]>
</description>
<author>Timothy Synhaeve</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2011 10:44:47 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Un témoin du procès Bemba violé devant sa famille: « J’ai eu l’impression de mourir »</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/22-un-témoin-du-procès-bemba-violé-devant-sa-famille-«-j’ai-eu-l’impression-de-mourir-»</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le proc&egrave;s de Jean-Pierre Bemba, ancien Vice-pr&eacute;sident de la R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo (RDC) et ancien dirigeant du Mouvement de Lib&eacute;ration du Congo (MLC), a d&eacute;but&eacute; le 22 novembre 2010. A l&rsquo;origine programm&eacute; pour le 27 avril 2010, ce proc&egrave;s repr&eacute;sente une &eacute;tape importante dans l'histoire de la justice internationale pour plusieurs raisons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">D&rsquo;une part, l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle des violences perp&eacute;tr&eacute;es: Jean-Pierre Bemba est poursuivi pour viol de masse, meurtre et pillage. Pour l&rsquo;instant,les t&eacute;moignages des t&eacute;moins montrent que les violences sexuelles &eacute;taient extr&ecirc;mement r&eacute;pandues en R&eacute;publique centrafricaine (RCA) et commises dans des circonstances &eacute;pouvantables. Jean-Pierre Bemba est aussi la personnalit&eacute; officielle de plus haut rang comparaissant devant la CPI &agrave; ce jour. De plus, le grand nombre de victimes qui ont demand&eacute; et se sont vu accorder le droit de participer aux proc&eacute;dures est sans pr&eacute;c&eacute;dant.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Suite &agrave; la derni&egrave;re d&eacute;cision de la Chambre, le nombre de victimes participantes s&rsquo;&eacute;l&egrave;ve maintenant &agrave; 1 312. Les victimes sont repr&eacute;sent&eacute;es par deux avocats centrafricains, &agrave; savoir Me Marie-Edith Douzima et Me Assingambi Zarambaud. En les d&eacute;signant, la Chambre avait mis l&rsquo;accent sur l&rsquo;importance de respecter les &laquo;&nbsp;traditions locales&nbsp;&raquo; et de veiller &agrave; ce que les repr&eacute;sentants l&eacute;gaux communs puissent parler la langue de leurs clients, partager leur culture et connaitre leurs r&eacute;alit&eacute;s.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Puisque le proc&egrave;s suit son cours, les Juges ont l&rsquo;opportunit&eacute; d&rsquo;entendre les premi&egrave;res descriptions directes de la violence endur&eacute;e en RCA. Quarante t&eacute;moins de l&rsquo;Accusation sont attendus pour t&eacute;moigner devant les Juges et ceux qui sont venus pour l&rsquo;instant ont racont&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;pouvantables exp&eacute;riences. Interrog&eacute;e sur ce qu&rsquo;elle a ressenti, le t&eacute;moin 22, qui a &eacute;t&eacute; viol&eacute;e collectivement par les troupes du MLC, a r&eacute;pondu &laquo;&nbsp;Ce jour-l&agrave;, dans ma t&ecirc;te, apr&egrave;s qu&rsquo;ils m&rsquo;aient brutalis&eacute;e, [&hellip;] je voulais me suicider&raquo;. Un autre t&eacute;moin a indiqu&eacute; qu&rsquo;elle a &eacute;t&eacute; viol&eacute;e par deux soldats du MLC alors qu&rsquo;un troisi&egrave;me marchait sur ses bras pour s&rsquo;assurer qu&rsquo;elle restait sur le sol. Le m&ecirc;me jour, sa belle s&oelig;ur a aussi &eacute;t&eacute; viol&eacute;e collectivement par trois soldats. Pour ce qui est du t&eacute;moin 23, il a racont&eacute; que pendant une dur&eacute;e de quatre jours, les soldats du&nbsp;MLC ont, de fa&ccedil;on r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;e, viol&eacute; ses enfants et ses femmes. Ils ont aussi tu&eacute; une de ses femmes. Plus tard, il a racont&eacute; comment trois soldats du MLC ont fini par le violer pendant environ quatre heures, devant toute sa famille. Lorsqu&rsquo;on lui a demand&eacute; ce qu&rsquo;il a ressenti lors du viol devant ses femmes et ses enfants, il a r&eacute;pondu &laquo;&nbsp;J&rsquo;ai eu l&rsquo;impression de mourir&nbsp;&raquo;. La douleur et la souffrance aigu&euml;s d&eacute;crites pour l&rsquo;instant par les t&eacute;moins sont notables. Il apparaitrait que ces actes &eacute;pouvantables ont &eacute;t&eacute; perp&eacute;tr&eacute;s avec une intention sp&eacute;cifique, telle que de terroriser la population, utilisant le viol comme arme de guerre. Alors que les actes pourraient bien aussi &eacute;quivaloir &agrave; la torture, cette charge a &eacute;t&eacute; sp&eacute;cifiquement &eacute;cart&eacute;e par la Chambre pr&eacute;liminaire II.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tandis que l&rsquo;ampleur des crimes commis est entrain d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre prouv&eacute;e &agrave; travers les t&eacute;moignages directs des victimes, il est plus difficile de d&eacute;montrer la responsabilit&eacute; de Jean-Pierre Bemba en tant que commandant. L&rsquo;Accusation &agrave; une affaire d&eacute;licate devant elle, puisqu&rsquo;elle devra prouver que Jean-Pierre Bemba n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;vit&eacute;, ni r&eacute;prim&eacute;, ni enqu&ecirc;t&eacute; sur les crimes de masse commis par ses subordonn&eacute;s.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Alors que beaucoup de victimes participent &agrave; ce proc&egrave;s, le sort de nombreuses autres victimes des troupes du MLC en RCA et en RDC, qui ne sont pas &eacute;ligibles dans l&rsquo;affaire Bemba, doit aussi &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;. Le Fonds au Profit des Victimes de la CPI pourrait jouer un r&ocirc;le important sur ce point, s&rsquo;impliquant avec les communaut&eacute;s affect&eacute;es dans le cadre de son mandat d&rsquo;assistance. Une d&eacute;cision en lien avec le mandat du Fonds pour les Victimes dans la fourniture d&rsquo;une assistance en RCA est en attente depuis longtemps. Il y a eu une longue impasse sur ce probl&egrave;me, par laquelle une soumission initiale du Fonds pour les Victimes &agrave; la Chambre a &eacute;t&eacute; faite en Octobre 2009, sur la m&ecirc;me base que des soumissions identiques faites pour la RDC et l&rsquo;Ouganda, mais a &eacute;t&eacute; rejet&eacute;e concernant la RCA.</p>
]]>
</description>
<author>Jonathan Venet</author>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Feb 2011 14:45:58 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Bemba trial witness raped in front of his family: “I felt as if I was a dying man”</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/23-bemba-trial-witness-raped-in-front-of-his-family-“i-felt-as-if-i-was-a-dying-man”</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">The trial of Jean-Pierre Bemba, former Vice President of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and former leader of the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC), started on 22 November 2010. Originally scheduled for 27 April 2010, this trial represents a milestone in the history of international justice for a variety of reasons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">For one, the scale and nature of the violence perpetrated: &nbsp;Jean-Pierre Bemba is prosecuted for mass rape, murder and pillaging. So far, witnesses&rsquo; testimonies show that sexual violence was extremely prevalent&nbsp; in Central African Republic (CAR) and committed in horrific circumstances. Jean-Pierre Bemba is also the highest-ranking official appearing before the ICC to date. In addition, the sheer number of victims that have applied and have been granted the right to participate in the proceedings is unprecedented.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Following the Chamber&rsquo;s most recent decision, the number of victims participating now stands at 1,312. The victims are represented by two Central African lawyers, namely Ms Marie-Edith Douzima and Mr Assingambi Zarambaud. On appointing them, the Chamber emphasised the importance of respecting &ldquo;local traditions&rdquo;, and ensuring that common legal representatives spoke their clients&rsquo; language, shared their culture and knew their realities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As the trial proceeds, the Judges have the opportunity to hear firsthand accounts of the violence suffered in CAR. Forty Prosecution witnesses are expected to testify before the Judges and those who have come so far, have recounted horrific experiences. Asked about she felt, witness 22 who was gang raped by MLC troops, responded: &ldquo;That day in my mind, when they brutalised me [&hellip;] I wanted to commit suicide.&rdquo; Another witness indicated that she was raped by two MLC soldiers while a third stepped on her arms to make sure she remained on the ground. On the same day, her sister-in-law was also gang-raped by three soldiers. As for witness 23, he recounted that over a period of four days, MLC soldiers repeatedly raped his children and his wives. They also shot one of his wives dead. Later on, he recounted how three MLC soldiers eventually raped him for about four hours, in front of his entire family. When asked how he felt being raped in front of his wives and children, he responded: &ldquo;I felt as if I was a dying man&rdquo;. The severe pain and suffering described so far by witnesses is notable. It would appear that these horrific acts were perpetrated with specific intent, such as to terrorise the population, using rape as a weapon of war. While the acts might well also amount to torture, this charge was specifically dropped by Pre Trial Chamber II.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While the scale of the crimes committed is being proven through the direct testimony of victims, it is more difficult to demonstrate Jean-Pierre Bemba&rsquo;s responsibility as a commander. The Prosecution has a challenging case ahead, where it will have to prove that Bemba failed to prevent, repress, or investigate the mass crimes committed by his subordinates.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While many victims are participating in this trial, the fate of numerous other victims of MCL troops, both in CAR and DRC, who do not qualify for participation in the Bemba case, must also be considered. Here, the Trust Fund for Victims of the ICC could play an important role, engaging with affected communities under its assistance mandate. A decision relating to the Trust Fund&rsquo;s mandate to provide assistance in CAR is long awaited. There has been a longstanding stalemate in this matter, whereby an initial submission from the Trust Fund to the Chamber was made in October 2009, along the same basis as identical submissions made for the DRC and Uganda, but was rejected by the Chamber with respect to CAR.</p>
]]>
</description>
<author>Jonathan Venet</author>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Feb 2011 14:40:39 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>The Ugandan International Criminal Court Act 2010: What does it mean for victims?</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/21-the-ugandan-international-criminal-court-act-2010-what-does-it-mean-for-victims</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">In 2003, Uganda became the first country to refer a case to the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the crimes committed by the Lord&rsquo;s Resistance Army (LRA) in Northern Uganda since 2002. In 2005 the ICC announced the arrest warrants of five leaders of the LRA, including the LRA leader Joseph Kony. Despite having signed the Rome Statute in 1999 and ratified the Statute in June 2002, the inclusion of the Rome Statute into Ugandan law only came about in June 2010 with the International Criminal Court Act (ICC Act 2010).[1]</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The ICC Act 2010 allows Ugandan courts to try crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide defined under the Rome Statute for the first time. However, it only provides two main provisions for victims in Ugandan courts- protection before the courts as a witness[2] and the enforcement of orders for victim reparation made by the ICC.[3] These provisions in themselves however do not offer victims much access to redress before Ugandan courts either through participation or reparations.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This means that the ICC Act 2010 does not specifically enable victims to participate in criminal proceedings or make applications for reparations in Uganda cases as they could otherwise do in cases heard before the International Criminal Court. The ICC Act 2010 also does not specifically provide a specialised unit for victims and witnesses, such as the Victim and Witness Unit within the ICC, that can support victims&rsquo; needs such as physical or psychosocial protection or material support. There is also no mention of participation or reparations for victims through the Ugandan courts or access to a victims&rsquo; trust fund.[4] These issues amongst others were raised by the Ugandan Victims Foundation in 2009 before the ICC Act&rsquo;s adoption but remain unaddressed.[5] For victims wanting to access justice locally in Uganda though the ICC Act 2010 is not the end of the road.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The publication of the ICC Act 2010 is timely in view of the establishment of the War Crimes&nbsp; Division of the Ugandan High Court set up in 2009 as a result of the 2007 Juba Peace Agreement between the Ugandan government and the Lord&rsquo;s Resistance Army.[6] While the Act gives the War Crimes Division jurisdiction for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, issues relating to its non retroactive applicability will need to be addressed and an alternative legal basis might need to be found in order to try&nbsp; &nbsp;LRA crimes of the past. There is also a lack of clarity as to what would happen, should an individual sought by the War Crimes division also apply for amnesty before the Amnesty Commission. Nonetheless, the War Crimes Division is pressing ahead, with discussions under way as to the legal basis for the crimes.&nbsp; Victims&rsquo; role though in the War Crimes Division has yet to be elaborated, and could provide an important way for them to physically access trials.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Despite the lack of victim provisions within the Ugandan ICC Act 2010, victims could have a role in the War Crimes Division under the Juba Agreement on Accountability which provides a participatory role for victims in Clause 8. Clause 8 imposes an obligation on the Ugandan government to allow victims to participate in the War Crimes Division cases despite their absence in the ICC Act 2010.[7] Moreover, the Juba Agreement on Accountability refers to reparations being paid to victims as part of any accountability proceedings such as the War Crimes Division.[8]</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">On the face of the Ugandan ICC Act 2010, victim provisions are scarce but this does not necessarily mean that victims have no role to play in Ugandan prosecutions for international crimes. For victims groups, legal practitioners and judges in the War Crimes Division, the real work needs to begin with finding a way to make victim participation and reparations work within the War Crimes Division so that victims can start to access justice locally. The ICC Act 2010 lays the foundations for prosecuting international crimes.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">

</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[1] The International Criminal Court Act 2010, the Uganda Gazette No 39 Volume CIII dated 25th June 2010, assented on 25th May 2010.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[2] Section 46 and 58</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[3] Section 64</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[4] See Article 75 and 79 of the Rome Statute; and the Uganda Victims Foundation&rsquo;s Statement on the International Crimes Bill of 2009, 4th November 2009</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[5] Uganda Victims Foundation&rsquo;s Statement on the International Crimes Bill of 2009, 4th November 2009</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[6] See the Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation,&nbsp; 29th June 2007 (&ldquo;Juba Agreement on Accountability) clause 4 and 6</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[7] &lsquo;[S]hall promote the effective and meaningful participation of victims in accountability...proceedings...Victims shall be informed of the processes and any decision affecting their interests....In the implementation of accountability and reconciliation mechanisms, the dignity, privacy and security of victims shall be respected and protected.&rsquo; Clause 8 of the Juba Agreement on Accountability 2007</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[8] Clause 9 on reparations</p>
]]>
</description>
<author>Luke Moffett </author>
<pubDate>Wed, 20 Oct 2010 18:15:08 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Des victimes dans la situation RDC demandent que Bemba soit poursuivi pour les crimes qu’il a commis en Ituri</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/20-des-victimes-dans-la-situation-rdc-demandent-que-bemba-soit-poursuivi-pour-les-crimes-qu’il-a-commis-en-ituri</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p>Jean-Pierre Bemba, ancien Pr&eacute;sident et Commandant du Mouvement pour la Lib&eacute;ration du Congo (MLC) ainsi que Vice Pr&eacute;sident et citoyen de la R&eacute;publique D&eacute;mocratique du Congo (RDC) fait actuellement l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une proc&eacute;dure relative &agrave; la Situation en R&eacute;publique Centrafricaine (RCA). C&rsquo;est au cours de cette proc&eacute;dure que ses activit&eacute;s en RDC ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;es et utilis&eacute;es par le Procureur qui a all&eacute;gu&eacute; que le MLC &eacute;tait responsable d&rsquo;atrocit&eacute;s pendant la guerre et que, sous le commandement de Bemba, avait lanc&eacute; une op&eacute;ration militaire en octobre 2002 sur Mambasa, Ituri (RDC), pendant laquelle les soldats du MLC ont perp&eacute;tr&eacute; plusieurs crimes, notamment des viols, des ex&eacute;cutions sommaires et le pillage. Bien que Bemba ait &eacute;t&eacute; accus&eacute; de trois crimes de guerre et deux crimes contre l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; en sa capacit&eacute; de commandant du MLC, cela n&rsquo;&eacute;tait que vis-&agrave;-vis leur occurrence dans le territoire de la RCA. A ce jour &nbsp;aucune poursuite n&rsquo;a &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;e devant la CPI contre M. Bemba concernant ses activit&eacute;s en RDC et cet aspect des &eacute;v&eacute;nements semble &ecirc;tre abandonn&eacute;.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Deux victimes dans la situation en RDC ont r&eacute;cemment tent&eacute; de poursuivre cette affaire. Elles soutiennent que le fait que Bemba fasse l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une proc&eacute;dure dans le contexte de la situation en RCA ne justifiait pas le refus du Procureur de poursuivre les crimes que Bemba avait perp&eacute;tr&eacute;s en Ituri, et qu&rsquo;une terminaison des poursuites pourrait s&eacute;rieusement affecter le droit des victimes &agrave; la justice et aux r&eacute;parations. Elles ont affirm&eacute; que selon le Statut de Rome et le Droit International des Droits de l&rsquo;Homme la Cour est sous l&rsquo;obligation et a &nbsp;le pouvoir d&rsquo;examiner la d&eacute;cision du Procureur de ne pas poursuivre et ont donc demand&eacute; &agrave; la Cour de re-examiner la d&eacute;cision du Procureur et de lui ordonner de rem&eacute;dier &agrave; cette carence de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te.</p>
<p>La D&eacute;fense a r&eacute;pondu en affirmant que les demandes des victimes devaient &ecirc;tre rejet&eacute;es se fondant sur une d&eacute;cision de la Cour d&rsquo;Appel en d&eacute;cembre 2008. Celle-ci avait jug&eacute; que bien qu&rsquo;il soit toujours possible pour les victimes de pr&eacute;senter leurs vues et pr&eacute;occupations dans les poursuites, elles ne pouvaient se voir reconnaitre le &laquo;&nbsp;statut&nbsp;&raquo; de victimes afin de pr&eacute;senter ces observations que dans le contexte d&rsquo;une &lsquo;proc&eacute;dure sp&eacute;cifique&rsquo; affectant leurs int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts personnels. La Cour d&rsquo;Appel avait constat&eacute; que &lsquo;proc&eacute;dure&rsquo; pr&eacute;cisait une cause devant la Cour, mais que les enqu&ecirc;tes du Procureur ne pouvaient pas &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme une telle proc&eacute;dure. &nbsp;La D&eacute;fense a soutenu que les victimes n&rsquo;avaient pas identifi&eacute; de proc&eacute;dure sp&eacute;cifique affectant leurs int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts personnels dans la situation en RDC.</p>
<p>En r&eacute;ponse aux arguments des victimes selon lesquels la Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire a le devoir d&rsquo;examiner la d&eacute;cision du Procureur de ne pas enqu&ecirc;ter, la D&eacute;fense a indiqu&eacute; que la conduite de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te relevait de la responsabilit&eacute; du Procureur et que la chambre pr&eacute;liminaire n&rsquo;avait pas &agrave; intervenir sur cette question. La D&eacute;fense a aussi constat&eacute; que la Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire ne pouvait examiner la d&eacute;cision du Procureur de sa propre initiative que si le Procureur avait d&eacute;cid&eacute; de ne pas poursuivre et que cette d&eacute;cision &eacute;tait fond&eacute;e sur des raisons discr&eacute;tionnaires plut&ocirc;t que sur un manque de preuves, ce qui n&rsquo;est pas le cas actuellement.</p>
<p>La Chambre Pr&eacute;liminaire a depuis ordonn&eacute; au Procureur de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; la demande des victimes avant le 15 septembre 2010.</p>
<p>C&rsquo;est la premi&egrave;re fois depuis le jugement d&rsquo;appel de d&eacute;cembre 2008 que des victimes entreprennent de pr&eacute;senter leurs vues et pr&eacute;occupations dans une Situation&nbsp;; une d&eacute;cision sur ces arguments pourrait apporter des clarifications non seulement sur les crimes de Bemba en Ituri mais aussi sur la possibilit&eacute; pour les victimes de participer dans une situation et de contester les d&eacute;cisions du Procureur concernant les faits et les accusations, une question n&eacute;glig&eacute;e jusqu'&agrave; pr&eacute;sent.&nbsp;</p>
]]>
</description>
<author>Cecile Jeffries</author>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 2010 17:01:36 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Victims in the DRC situation request that Bemba be tried for the crimes he committed in DRC </title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/19-victims-in-the-drc-situation-request-that-bemba-be-tried-for-the-crimes-he-committed-in-drc-</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p>Jean-Pierre Bemba, former President and Commander of the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC) and Vice President and national of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is currently the subject of proceedings in the Situation in Central African Republic (CAR). It was during the course of these proceedings that his actions in DRC came to light and were relied on by the Prosecution which alleged that the MLC had been responsible for atrocities during the war and under Bemba&rsquo;s command had launched a military operation in October 2002 in Mambasa, Ituri Province (DRC), throughout which they perpetrated crimes such as rape, summary execution and pillaging. Although Mr Bemba was charged with three war crimes and two crimes against humanity as military commander of the MLC, this was only in relation to their occurrence in the territory of CAR.&nbsp;To date no proceeding has been brought before the ICC against Mr Bemba regarding his involvement in the DRC and this aspect of events seems to have been left in limbo.</p>
<p>Two victims in the DRC situation recently sought to pursue the matter. They argued that the fact that Mr Bemba is being investigated in the context of CAR in no way justified the Prosecutor&rsquo;s refusal to proceed regarding the crimes he committed in Ituri and that terminating investigations would seriously affect the victims&rsquo; rights to justice and reparation. They claimed that under the Rome Statute and international human rights law, the Court has a positive power and duty to examine the Prosecutor&rsquo;s decision not to prosecute and therefore requested that the Court review the Prosecutor&rsquo;s decision and order the Prosecution to remedy its failings.</p>
<p>In response, Defence asserted that the victims&rsquo; challenges should be dismissed. This was based on a prior decision of the Appeals Chamber in December 2008 in the DRC situation which had stated that although alleged victims should not be prevented from presenting their views and concerns in proceedings, applicants would only be granted the status of victim to enable them to do so in a &lsquo;specific judicial proceeding&rsquo; affecting their personal interests. The Appeals Chamber had said that &lsquo;proceedings&rsquo; specified a cause before the Chamber, but prosecution investigations were not to be considered as judicial proceedings. Defence therefore argued that these victims had failed to identify a specific proceeding in the DRC situation which affected their personal interests.</p>
<p>In response to the victims&rsquo; arguments that the Pre-Trial Chamber has a duty to investigate the Prosecution&rsquo;s decision, Defence maintained that it is the Prosecutor who has authority for the conduct of investigations and it is not the place of the Pre-Trial Chamber to interfere. Defence also stated that the Pre-Trial Chamber can only examine the Prosecutor&rsquo;s decision of its own initiative if the Prosecutor has decided not to prosecute the case and if this decision was taken based on discretionary factors rather than lack of evidence, which is not currently the case.</p>
<p>The Pre-Trial Chamber has since ordered the Prosecution to make its own response to the victims&rsquo; requests, to be filed by 15 September 2010.</p>
<p>This is the first time since the Appeals Judgment of December 2008 that victims have undertaken to present their views and concerns in a situation, and a decision on these arguments may shed light not only on&nbsp;Bemba&rsquo;s crimes in Ituri but also on the feasibility of victims being able to participate in a situation and challenge the Prosecution as to its decisions relating to charges and facts, an issue which has so far been largely ignored.&nbsp;</p>
]]>
</description>
<author>Cecile Jeffries</author>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 2010 16:58:35 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Appeal filed against Order to release Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/17-appeal-filed-against-order-to-release-thomas-lubanga-dyilo</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p>On 15 July 2010 Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court (ICC) ordered the release of Mr Lubanga, who currently stands accused of enlisting and conscripting children under 15 years into the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC) and forcing them to participate in the armed conflict which took place in Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo, between September 2002 and August 2003.</p>
<p>This order for his release was the result of Prosecution&rsquo;s repeated failure to disclose the identity of a certain intermediary as ordered by the Court, and its subsequent order for an unconditional stay of proceedings. The order for release was deemed necessary as an accused cannot be held in preventative custody merely on the basis that proceedings may recommence at some uncertain point in the future.</p>
<p>Accordingly, on 16 July 2010 Prosecution filed its appeal against release, together with a request that his release be suspended pending resolution of the appeal. Prosecution maintained that release prior to appeal could defeat the very purpose of the appeal as well as appeals against other related decisions, such as the decision to stay proceedings (appeal against which was granted on 15 July 2010) and would have dire consequences for the proceedings generally. The most pressing concern was the unlikelihood of the Court being able to ensure Mr Lubanga&rsquo;s appearance at court once set free. The Appeals Chamber granted suspensive effect to the appeal on 23 July. Thus Mr Lubanga will stay in detention until a decision on the appeal is rendered.</p>
<p>A decision on the appeal is now awaited.</p>
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</description>
<author>Cecile Jeffries</author>
<pubDate>Fri, 23 Jul 2010 18:55:49 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Appel déposé contre la décision de remise en liberté de Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/18-appel-déposé-contre-la-décision-de-remise-en-liberté-de-thomas-lubanga-dyilo</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p>Le 15 juillet 2010 la Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance I de la Cour P&eacute;nale Internationale (CPI) a ordonn&eacute; la remise en libert&eacute; de M. Lubanga, qui est actuellement accus&eacute; d&rsquo;avoir proc&eacute;d&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;enr&ocirc;lement et la conscription d&rsquo;enfants de moins de quinze ans dans les Forces Patriotiques pour la Lib&eacute;ration du Congo (FPLC) et de les avoir forc&eacute;s &agrave; participer au conflit arm&eacute; qui a eu lieu en Ituri, R&eacute;publique d&eacute;mocratique du Congo, entre septembre 2002 et aout 2003. &#55359;&#56402;</p>
<p>Cette d&eacute;cision de remise en libert&eacute; de l&rsquo;accus&eacute; r&eacute;sulte des manquements r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;s du Procureur quant &agrave; la divulgation de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; d&rsquo;un certain interm&eacute;diaire telle qu&rsquo;ordonn&eacute;e par la Cour, ainsi que de la d&eacute;cision cons&eacute;quente pour l&rsquo;arr&ecirc;t inconditionnel des proc&eacute;dures. Cette d&eacute;cision de remise en libert&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; jug&eacute;e n&eacute;cessaire du fait que l&rsquo;accus&eacute; ne peut &ecirc;tre gard&eacute; en d&eacute;tention pr&eacute;ventive seulement sur la base de proc&eacute;dures qui pourraient recommencer dans un futur incertain.</p>
<p>Par cons&eacute;quent, le 16 juillet 2010 le Procureur a d&eacute;pos&eacute; son appel contre la remise en libert&eacute;, ainsi qu&rsquo;une requ&ecirc;te afin que la lib&eacute;ration soit suspendue jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; ce que l&rsquo;appel soit r&eacute;solu. Le Procureur a affirm&eacute; que la lib&eacute;ration pr&eacute;alable &agrave; l&rsquo;appel pourrait frustrer le but m&ecirc;me de cet appel, ainsi que le but de toutes autres d&eacute;cisions associ&eacute;es, telle que la d&eacute;cision d&rsquo;arr&ecirc;t des proc&eacute;dures (dont l&rsquo;appel a &eacute;t&eacute; accord&eacute; le 15 juillet 2010) et que ceci m&egrave;nerait &agrave; des cons&eacute;quences d&eacute;sastreuses pour les proc&eacute;dures en g&eacute;n&eacute;rale. Le probl&egrave;me le plus important &eacute;tait l&rsquo;improbabilit&eacute; que la Cour puisse assurer la pr&eacute;sence de M. Lubanga devant la Cour une fois lib&eacute;r&eacute;. La Chambre d&rsquo;appel a accord&eacute; l&rsquo;effet suspensif de cet appel le 23 juillet. Monsieur Lubanga restera donc en d&eacute;tention jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; ce qu&rsquo;une d&eacute;cision sur cet appel soit rendue.</p>
<p>La d&eacute;cision sur cet appel est pendante.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
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</description>
<author>Cecile Jeffries</author>
<pubDate>Fri, 23 Jul 2010 16:32:52 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Les procédures dans l’affaire Lubanga sont suspendues pour la troisième fois depuis l’ouverture de l’affaire</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/16-</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le 8 juillet 2010, la Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance 1 a ordonn&eacute; la suspension des proc&eacute;dures dans l&rsquo;affaire Lubanga suite au refus r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute; de l&rsquo;accusation de se conformer avec un ordre de la Cour requ&eacute;rant la divulgation &agrave; la D&eacute;fense de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; d&rsquo;un interm&eacute;diaire.[1] C&rsquo;est la troisi&egrave;me fois depuis l&rsquo;ouverture de l&rsquo;affaire Lubanga que les proc&eacute;dures sont suspendues.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">**Note: Ceci n&rsquo;est pas un r&eacute;sum&eacute; officiel mais un r&eacute;sum&eacute; g&eacute;n&eacute;ral fourni pour information par REDRESS (www.redress.org)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Lien vers la d&eacute;cision: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc906146.pdf (seulement disponible en anglais)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[Contexte] Suites aux all&eacute;gations par la D&eacute;fense que certains interm&eacute;diaires travaillant pour l&rsquo;accusation auraient entrain&eacute; les t&eacute;moins du procureur et fabriqu&eacute; des preuves, le 12 mai, la Chambre de Premi&egrave;re instance 1 a ordonn&eacute; que deux interm&eacute;diaires de l&rsquo;accusation (321 et 316) soient appel&eacute;s &agrave; t&eacute;moigner et &agrave; ce que l&rsquo;identit&eacute; d&rsquo;un troisi&egrave;me interm&eacute;diaire (143) soit r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;e &agrave; la D&eacute;fense. [2] Cela devait &ecirc;tre fait une fois que les mesures de protection appropri&eacute;es seraient mises en place. Des mesures de protections ont donc &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;es par l&rsquo;Unit&eacute; des Victimes et des T&eacute;moins (UVT) et convenues avec l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 143, et devaient &ecirc;tre mises en place d&eacute;but juillet.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">N&eacute;anmoins, le 6 juillet, la Chambre a &eacute;t&eacute; inform&eacute;e du fait que l&rsquo;ensemble des mesures de protection propos&eacute;es par l&rsquo;UVT ne pouvaient plus &ecirc;tre mises en &oelig;uvre &eacute;tant donn&eacute; que l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 143 les avait rejet&eacute;es en bloc et demandait &agrave; ce que certains ajustements soient faits (comprenant un &eacute;l&eacute;ment financier significatif). Apr&egrave;s avoir entendu les soumissions sur le sujet, la Chambre a jug&eacute; le 6 juillet que la divulgation devait quand m&ecirc;me avoir lieu mais que l&rsquo;identit&eacute; ne devait &ecirc;tre divulgu&eacute;e qu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;quipe de la D&eacute;fense pr&eacute;sente &agrave; l&rsquo;audience, &agrave; l&rsquo;accus&eacute; et &agrave; leur personne ressource de longue date sur le terrain. Le m&ecirc;me jour, le Bureau du Procureur a indiqu&eacute; son intention de faire appel de cette d&eacute;cision et a refus&eacute; d&rsquo;ex&eacute;cuter la divulgation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le 7 juillet, la Chambre a &agrave; nouveau jug&eacute; que la divulgation se faire. Se faisant, elle a pris en consid&eacute;ration les arguments de la D&eacute;fense selon lesquels, ils avaient besoin de ce nom pour poursuivre leur interrogation de l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 321, qui t&eacute;moigne actuellement devant la Chambre&nbsp;; les garanties de la D&eacute;fense qu&rsquo;ils ne divulgueraient pas le nom ni ne l&rsquo;utiliserait a des fins d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;tes&nbsp;; et le fait qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y avait aucune raison de douter de la bonne foi de la D&eacute;fense sur ce sujet. L&rsquo;accusation a fait suite en soumettant une requ&ecirc;te urgente afin de varier le d&eacute;lai de la divulgation ou, dans l&rsquo;alternative, de suspendre les proc&eacute;dures jusqu'&agrave; ce qu&rsquo;une consultation avec l&rsquo;UVT ait eu lieu. L&rsquo;accusation a indiqu&eacute; qu&rsquo;elle avait un devoir&nbsp; statutaire autonome de protection et qu&rsquo;elle pr&eacute;f&eacute;rait &laquo;&nbsp;faire face &agrave; des cons&eacute;quences adverses [&hellip;] plut&ocirc;t que d&rsquo;exposer une personne &agrave; des risques suite &agrave; son interaction pass&eacute;e avec son bureau.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Le 8 juillet, la Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance 1 a jug&eacute; que la soumission de l&rsquo;accusation &eacute;tait intenable. La Chambre a exprim&eacute; deux pr&eacute;occupations. En premier lieu, dans l&rsquo;&eacute;ventualit&eacute; ou il n&rsquo;y aurait pas d&rsquo;accord avec l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 143 sur les mesures de protection offertes, l&rsquo;&eacute;quit&eacute; des proc&eacute;dures pourrait potentiellement &ecirc;tre affect&eacute;e et cela influencerait surement l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation par la Chambre des preuves entendues jusqu'&agrave; pr&eacute;sent. En second lieu, la Chambre est gravement pr&eacute;occup&eacute;e par la position du Bureau du Procureur selon laquelle il aurait une autonomie pour d&eacute;cider de se conformer ou pas aux ordres de la Court concernant les mesures de protection.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance 1 a jug&eacute; que l&rsquo;article 68 ne donnait pas &agrave; l&rsquo;accusation une licence, discr&eacute;tion ou autonomie pour ignorer les ordres judiciaires, en particulier en prenant en compte l&rsquo;obligation g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la Chambre d&rsquo;assurer un proc&egrave;s juste et &eacute;quitable. Elle a conclu qu&rsquo;elle n&rsquo;&eacute;tait pas en position d&rsquo;autoriser &agrave; ce que des preuves additionnelles soient entendues sans que les droits de l&rsquo;accus&eacute; &agrave; un proc&egrave;s juste ne soient viol&eacute;s et qu&rsquo;une suspension du proc&egrave;s &eacute;tait donc n&eacute;cessaire tant que les circonstances pr&eacute;sentes (consid&eacute;r&eacute;es par la Cour comme un abus de proc&eacute;dure) persisteraient.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Q: De quoi est-il question?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tel que la Chambre l&rsquo;a indiqu&eacute; il y a deux questions&nbsp;: a) le refus actuel du Bureau du Procureur de divulguer des informations r&eacute;sultant en une violation du droit a un proc&egrave;s juste et &eacute;quitable b) la position du Procureur selon laquelle l&rsquo;accusation a un devoir s&eacute;par&eacute; li&eacute; aux questions de protection qui l&rsquo;autoriserait &agrave; ne pas ex&eacute;cuter un ordre de la Cour.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Le refus actuel du Bureau du Procureur de divulguer des informations r&eacute;sultant en une violation des proc&eacute;dures de proc&egrave;s &eacute;quitable</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">En cas d&rsquo;accord avec l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 143 sur les mesures de protection, une fois celles-ci en place, et si son identit&eacute; est r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;e &agrave; la D&eacute;fense, le proc&egrave;s pourrait reprendre si la Chambre jugeait que les&nbsp; raisons pour la suspension &laquo;&nbsp;ont disparues&nbsp;&raquo;. [3] N&eacute;anmoins, il y a un manque de clart&eacute; sur ce qui se passera si l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 143 refuse les mesures de protection que l&rsquo;accusation persiste dans son refus de divulguer son identit&eacute;. Des proc&eacute;dures &agrave; l&rsquo;encontre du Bureau du Procureur pour inconduite &agrave; l&rsquo;audience en vertu de l&rsquo;article 71 pourraient &ecirc;tre entreprises.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">De plus, tel que la Chambre l&rsquo;a indiqu&eacute;, les preuves soumises par la D&eacute;fense jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; pr&eacute;sent ont soulign&eacute; des abus potentiels de proc&eacute;dures de la part de l&rsquo;accusation et des personnes avec qui elle a travaill&eacute;. Un refus de r&eacute;v&eacute;ler des informations que la Chambre a jug&eacute;es n&eacute;cessaires affecterait potentiellement l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation que la Chambre fera des preuves entendues jusque la.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Si le Bureau du Procureur a un devoir s&eacute;par&eacute; li&eacute; aux questions de protection qui l&rsquo;autorise &agrave; enfreindre un ordre de la Cour </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La question est d&eacute;sormais plus large que la simple divulgation dans la situation pr&eacute;sente. Il est d&eacute;sormais question de savoir si l&rsquo;accusation poss&egrave;de un devoir s&eacute;par&eacute; en vertu de l&rsquo;article 68 vis-&agrave;-vis de la protection des personnes qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; en contact avec son Bureau qui peut l&rsquo;autoriser &agrave; enfreindre un ordre de la Cour.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">G&eacute;n&eacute;ralement, la partie ou participant en contact avec une personne sera l&rsquo;entit&eacute; en charge de demander les mesures de protection pour cette personne. N&eacute;anmoins, c&rsquo;est la Chambre qui au final autorise et&nbsp; modifie les mesures de protection. Dans les circonstances en question ici, l&rsquo;Accusation semble avoir indiqu&eacute; son intention de ne pas ex&eacute;cuter les ordres de la Chambre qui sont rendus dans le contexte de l&rsquo;article 68 et qu&rsquo;elle consid&egrave;re comme contraire avec sa propre interpr&eacute;tation des autres obligations de l&rsquo;Accusation. La Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance 1 s&rsquo;est oppos&eacute; &agrave; cette approche et indiqu&eacute; qu&rsquo;il revenait en fin de compte &agrave; la Chambre de se prononcer sur ces questions. Une demande d&rsquo;appel de la d&eacute;cision imposant la suspension des proc&eacute;dures semble donc probable (d&rsquo;autant plus que le Bureau du Procureur avait d&eacute;j&agrave; indiqu&eacute; son intention de faire appel de l&rsquo;ordre de divulgation originel).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Si la demande d&rsquo;appel est accord&eacute;e, l&rsquo;impact que cela aura sur le d&eacute;roulement du proc&egrave;s d&eacute;pendra tr&egrave;s probablement de&nbsp; l&rsquo;accord ou non par l&rsquo;accusation &agrave; divulguer l&rsquo;identit&eacute; de l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 143. En effet, la question du &laquo;&nbsp;devoir s&eacute;par&eacute; de l&rsquo;accusation&nbsp;&raquo; devait aller en appel mais que la divulgation en l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce &eacute;tait entreprise, il n&rsquo;est pas certain que la suspension des proc&eacute;dures soit justifi&eacute;e en attendant la d&eacute;termination par la Chambre d&rsquo;Appel.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Q: Quand les t&eacute;moignages reprendront-ils? </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tel que les choses sont et avec les vacances judiciaires d&eacute;butant le 16 juillet, les t&eacute;moignages li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;abus de proc&eacute;dure ne reprendront vraisemblablement pas avant mi-aout au plus t&ocirc;t et seulement si l&rsquo;identit&eacute; de l&rsquo;interm&eacute;diaire 143 est divulgu&eacute;e &agrave; la D&eacute;fense et que la suspension des proc&eacute;dures est lev&eacute;e.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Q: Cela veut il dire que Lubanga pourrait &ecirc;tre rel&acirc;ch&eacute;?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">L&rsquo;accus&eacute; est en d&eacute;tention provisoire depuis plus de 4 ans et la Chambre a indiqu&eacute; qu&rsquo;elle entendrait les soumissions sur son maintien en d&eacute;tention le 15 juillet. C&rsquo;est la troisi&egrave;me fois que les proc&eacute;dures sont suspendues dans l&rsquo;affaire Lubanga. L&rsquo;&eacute;tat des choses actuel n&rsquo;est pas sans rappeler la suspension des proc&eacute;dures qui avait &eacute;t&eacute; impos&eacute;e par la Chambre de Premi&egrave;re Instance 1 en juin 2008 alors que l&rsquo;accusation &eacute;tait incapable de divulguer &agrave; la d&eacute;fense des documents potentiellement &agrave; d&eacute;charge. A cette occasion, la Chambre avait alors ordonn&eacute; la rel&acirc;che de l&rsquo;accus&eacute;, mais cette d&eacute;cision avait &eacute;t&eacute; renvers&eacute;e par la Chambre d&rsquo;Appel. La Chambre d&rsquo;Appel avait jug&eacute; que Si une chambre ordonne la suspension conditionnelle de la proc&eacute;dure, la mise en libert&eacute; sans conditions de l&rsquo;accus&eacute; n&rsquo;est pas la cons&eacute;quence &laquo; in&eacute;vitable &raquo; ni &laquo; la seule voie appropri&eacute;e &raquo;. Au contraire, la Chambre devra examiner tous les faits pertinents et prendre la d&eacute;cision de remettre l&rsquo;accus&eacute; en libert&eacute; ou de le maintenir en d&eacute;tention sur la base des crit&egrave;res &eacute;tablis aux articles 60 et 58-1 du Statut.&nbsp;&raquo; [4]</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ainsi cette nouvelle suspension du proc&egrave;s ne signifie pas automatiquement que Lubanga sera lib&eacute;r&eacute;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[1] ICC-01/04-01/06-2517-Red, Redacted Decision on the Prosecution's Urgent Request for&nbsp; Variation of the Time- Limit to Disclose the Identity of Intermediary 143 or Alternatively to Stay Proceedings Pending Further Consultations with the VWU, 08/07/2010</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[2] Decision sur les Intermediaires, 12 May 2010, ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Conf-Exp. Une version publique expurg&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;e le 31 mai 2010, ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[3] C&rsquo;est ce qui s&rsquo;&eacute;tait pass&eacute; en 2008 lorsqu&rsquo;une suspension des proc&eacute;dures avait &eacute;t&eacute; impos&eacute;e suite &agrave; l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; de l&rsquo;accusation de divulguer des documents potentiellement &agrave; d&eacute;charge qui &eacute;taient sujets &agrave; des accords de confidentialit&eacute; conclus avec des fournisseurs d&rsquo;information tiers tels que les Nations Unies.&nbsp; Une fois que les conditions pour la lev&eacute;e des restrictions sur l&rsquo;utilisation des documents avaient &eacute;t&eacute; adress&eacute;es, et convenues avec la partie ayant fourni les informations, la Chambre avait jug&eacute; que les raisons pour la suspension des proc&eacute;dures avaient &eacute;t&eacute; disparues et que le proc&egrave;s pouvait reprendre. ICC-01/04-01/06-1644, 23/01/2009, Reasons for Oral Decision lifting the stay of proceedings</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[4]&nbsp; ICC-01/04-01/06-1487-tFRA, Jugement de la Chambre d&rsquo;Appel, 21/10/2008</p>
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</description>
<author>Gaelle Carayon</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 14 Jul 2010 12:46:13 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Proceedings in the Lubanga case are stayed for a third time since the opening of the case </title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/15-proceedings-in-the-lubanga-case-are-stayed-for-a-third-time-since-the-opening-of-the-case-</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">On 8 July 2010, Trial Chamber 1 ordered a stay of proceedings in the Lubanga case due to the repeated refusal by the Prosecution to comply with a Court order requesting the disclosure to the Defence of the identity of an intermediary.[1] This is the third time that proceedings in the Lubanga case are stayed.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;**Note: This is not an official summary, this is a general summary provided for information by REDRESS (www.redress.org)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Link to decision: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc906146.pdf&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[Background] Following allegations by the Defence that various intermediaries working for the prosecution had coached prosecution witnesses and fabricated evidence, on 12 May Trial Chamber 1 ordered that two prosecution intermediaries (321 and 316) be called to testify and that the identity of a third intermediary (143) be disclosed to the defence.[2] This was to occur after necessary protection measures were in place. Protection measures were thus proposed by the Victim and Witness Unit (VWU) and agreed upon with intermediary 143, and were due to be implemented in early July.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">However, on 6 July, the Chamber was informed that the protection package put forward by VWU could no longer be implemented as intermediary 143 had rejected them outright and requested certain adjustments to be made (including a significant financial component). After hearing submissions on the issue, the Chamber ruled on 6 July that disclosure should go ahead with the identity to be revealed only to members of the Defence team present in Court, the accused, and their long term resource person in the field. On the same day, the Office of the Prosecutor indicated its intent to appeal the decision and refused to undertake disclosure.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">On 7 July the Chamber ruled again that disclosure should occur. In doing so it considered the Defence&rsquo;s argument that they needed the name in order to proceed with their questioning of intermediary 321, currently before the Chamber; the Defence&rsquo;s reassurance that they would not divulge the name further nor use it for investigation purposes; and the fact that there was no reason to doubt the Defence&rsquo;s good faith in the matter. The prosecution went on to file an urgent request to vary the time limit for disclosure or, in the alternative, a stay of proceedings until further consultation with VWU occurs. The prosecution stated that it had an autonomous statutory duty of protection and that it would rather &ldquo;face adverse consequences in its litigation than expose a person to risk on account of prior interaction with its office.&rdquo;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">On 8 July Trial Chamber 1 ruled that the prosecution&rsquo;s submission was unsustainable. The Chamber had two concerns. First, should there be no agreement with intermediary 143 on protection measures offered, the fairness of the proceedings would potentially be impaired and this would likely affect the Chamber&rsquo;s assessment of the evidence heard so far. Second, the Chamber was greatly concerned by the Office of the Prosecutor&rsquo;s position that it might have autonomy to decide whether or not to comply with a Court order relating to protection measures.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Trial Chamber 1 ruled that Article 68 did not give the prosecution licence, discretion or autonomy to disregard judicial orders, in particular taking into account the overall duty of the Chamber to ensure a fair and impartial trial. It concluded that it was not in a position to allow further evidence to be heard without the right of the accused to a fair trial being breached and that a stay of proceedings was thus necessary whilst the current circumstances (regarded by the Court as an abuse of process) endure.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Q: What are the issues?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As pointed out by the Chamber there are two issues: a) the current refusal by the Office of the Prosecutor to disclose information resulting in a breach of fair trial rights b) whether the prosecution has a separate duty related to protection issues which entitles it not to comply with a court order.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The current refusal by the Office of the Prosecutor to disclose information resulting in a breach of fair trial procedure</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If an agreement is found with intermediary 143 on protection measures, once these are implemented and his identity is disclosed to the Defence, the trial could then continue if the Chamber ruled that the reasons for the stay have &ldquo;fallen away&rdquo;.[3] However, it is not clear what would happen if intermediary 143 refuses the protection measures and the prosecution persists in not disclosing his identity. Proceedings against the Office of the Prosecutor for misconduct could be undertaken under art 71.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, as pointed out by the Chamber, the Defence&rsquo;s evidence so far has highlighted potential abuse of process by the Prosecution and the persons with whom it worked. Refusal to reveal information that the Chamber has ruled necessary would potentially affect the Chamber&rsquo;s assessment of the evidence heard so far.</p>
<p class="monthYear" style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Whether the Office of the Prosecutor has a separate duty related to protection issues which entitles it not to comply with a court order.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The issue that has now arisen is broader than disclosure. What is now in question is whether the prosecution has a separate duty under Article 68 in relation to protection of persons in contact with its office that could allow it not to comply with a Court order.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Generally, the party or participant in contact with a person will be the one requesting protection measures for that person. However it is the Chamber which ultimately grants and varies protection measures. In the case at hand, the prosecution seems to have indicated its intention not to implement the Chamber's orders that are made in an Article 68 context, which it considers conflict with its interpretation of the Prosecution's other obligations. Trial Chamber 1 opposes this view and states that it is ultimately for the Chamber to rule on the issue. A request for leave to appeal the decision imposing the stay of proceedings thus seems likely (not least because the Office of the Prosecutor had already indicated its intent to appeal the original disclosure order).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If leave to appeal is granted, the impact of appeal proceedings on the timing of the case would most likely depend on whether the prosecution agrees to the disclosure of intermediary 143&rsquo;s identity. Indeed, should the issue go on appeal but disclosure occur, it is not clear whether a stay of proceedings until determination by the Appeals Chamber would still be warranted.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Q: When are testimonies likely to resume?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As it stands and with the Court&rsquo;s recess starting on 16 July, testimonies related to the abuse of process are unlikely to resume before mid-August at the earliest and only then if the identity of intermediary 143 is disclosed to the Defence and the stay of proceedings lifted.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Q: Does that mean that Lubanga could be released?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The accused has now been in preventive detention for over 4 years and the Chamber has indicated that it would hear submissions on his continued detention on 15 July. This is the third time that proceedings in the Lubanga case have been stayed. The current stay of proceedings is reminiscent of the stay imposed by Trial Chamber 1 in June 2008 when the Prosecution was unable to make available to the defence potentially exculpatory material.&nbsp; On that occasion, the Chamber had ordered the release of the accused, though this was subsequently reversed by the Appeals Chamber. The Appeals Chamber ruled that &ldquo;if a Chamber imposes a conditional stay of the proceedings, the unconditional release of the accused person is not the "inevitable" consequence and "the only correct course" to take. Instead, the Chamber will have to consider all relevant circumstances and base its decision on release or detention on the criteria in articles 60 and 58 (1) of the Statute.&rdquo;[4] Thus this new stay of proceedings does not automatically warrant the release of Lubanga.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[1] ICC-01/04-01/06-2517-Red, Redacted Decision on the Prosecution's Urgent Request for&nbsp; Variation of the Time- Limit to Disclose the Identity of Intermediary 143 or Alternatively to Stay Proceedings Pending Further Consultations with the VWU, 08/07/2010</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[2] Decision on Intermediaries, 12 May 2010, ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Conf-Exp. A Public redacted version was issued on 31 May 2010, ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[3] This is what occurred in 2008 when a stay of proceedings was imposed following the prosecution&rsquo;s inability to disclose potentially exculpatory documents obtained subject to confidentiality agreements concluded with third party information providers such as the United Nations. Once conditions for lifting the restriction on the use of the documents were addressed and agreed by the information provider, the Chamber ruled that the reasons for the stay of proceedings had fallen away and the trial could thus start. ICC-01/04-01/06-1644, 23/01/2009, Reasons for Oral Decision lifting the stay of proceedings</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[4]&nbsp; ICC-01/04-01/06-1487, Judgment of the Appeals Chamber, 21/10/2008</p>
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</description>
<author>Gaelle Carayon</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 14 Jul 2010 12:11:08 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Defence Appeal Landmark Victims’ Participation Decision</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/14-defence-appeal-landmark-victims’-participation-decision</link>
<description>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>On 22 January 2010 the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a landmark decision regarding the extent and manner in which victims should be allowed to participate in the trial proceedings of Mr Katanga and Mr Ngudjolo. Subject to Chambers&rsquo; approval in each case, the decision enabled victims to attend both public and closed parts of the hearing and to give their opinions on whether they believed evidence to be relevant and valid. It also included instructions on the manner in which victims&rsquo; legal representatives may call or question defendants, witnesses and experts, and on the presentation of evidence which could either incriminate or clear the defendants.</p>
<p>The decision was opposed by Katanga&rsquo;s Defence which requested leave to appeal. The Defence argued that the Court had misinterpreted the law regarding the circumstances in which victims&rsquo; legal representatives may question defendants, witnesses and experts, and the way in which they would be able to present evidence and call victims to testify against the defendants using incriminating evidence. Defence also disputed the Court&rsquo;s decision that victims were under no obligation to disclose all aspects of evidence to the parties, whether damaging to the defendant or not. Finally, Defence disagreed that victims should be allowed to offer their views on the relevance or validity of evidence without identifying whether they were supporting the Prosecution&rsquo;s applications to allow evidence or simply challenging the evidence themselves.</p>
<p>In April 2010 the Chamber allowed this leave to appeal, albeit only partly. It considered that the possibility for victims&rsquo; legal representatives to present evidence and call victims using incriminating evidence and testimony, without disclosure to the Defence before trial, was one issue which satisfied the requirements for appeal. The second appealable issue concerned whether it is possible for the victims&rsquo; legal representatives to testify specifically on the role of the defendants in the crimes charged against them. The third issue for appeal related to whether the legal representatives were obliged to communicate all items of evidence in their possession to the parties, whether incriminating or not.</p>
<p>Victims&rsquo; legal representatives then applied and were granted permission to participate in the appeal itself and on 28 May 2010 presented a statement of their opinions on the appeal issues. They believed that the Defence had been mistaken to argue that the Court had misinterpreted the law, particularly as regards victims&rsquo; legal representatives&rsquo; rights and obligations, which they emphasised were very different from those of the parties. For example, it is the parties&rsquo; right to present evidence relating to the guilt or innocence of the defendant and their duty to act objectively, whereas the interests of the victims are necessarily personal and subjective. It follows, therefore, that disclosure obligations will vary.</p>
<p>The victims&rsquo; legal representatives also argued that Defence has no absolute right to see all evidence against defendants before the start of the trial and cited many instances in which this does not or cannot happen in reality. Already the Defence has been able to read all the statements of victims currently represented and this, they argued, should be sufficient for their purposes. They therefore requested that the Court dismiss the appeal altogether.</p>
<p>Prosecution fully agreed with these opinions, though the Defence rebuffed them and requested that the Court forge forward with their appeal.</p>
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</description>
<author>Cecile Jeffries</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2010 10:57:10 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Wrangling over Intermediary Protection in Lubanga trial</title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/10-wrangling-over-intermediary-protection-in-lubanga-trial</link>
<description>
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<p>The Lubanga trial to date has seen much debate as to whether, and the extent to which, the identity of intermediaries used by the Prosecution in relation to their witnesses should be protected. The issue turns on evidence given by child witnesses formerly associated with armed groups, some of whom have testified in court incriminating the accused, only to backtrack later and claim that their evidence was false, instigated by intermediaries promising financial reward in return for their coached evidence. The Defence claim that disclosure of identities and other information is necessary to root out the truth in the interests of a fair trial. The Prosecution claim that revealing such information would put intermediaries, on whom they rely significantly, and their families at risk, as well as deter them from assisting the Court in the future.</p>
<p>On 19 March 2010 the Prosecution proposed a strategy for dealing with the allegations, which they felt would take into consideration the rights of the accused and also protect intermediaries, particularly those against whom no allegations had been made. The strategy would also safeguard the Prosecutor&rsquo;s ability to conduct investigations, and put security measures in place in the event that the Chamber ordered their identities to be disclosed. The Prosecution proposed using an &lsquo;appropriate representative&rsquo; of the OTP to give evidence on how intermediaries were recruited and used. As far as possible, it would bring intermediaries against whom allegations had been made to The Hague to appear before the Judges in private.</p>
<p>On 31 May 2010 the Chamber issued a decision bearing in mind all the arguments so far. It stated that the Defence&rsquo;s submissions were not based on mere speculation but on evidence and was unconvinced by the Prosecution&rsquo;s strategy. Although private hearings are allowed under the Rules, it would be unfair to the accused to exclude the Defence as his participation is regarded as necessary to resolve the complicated factual issues involved. The Chamber&rsquo;s duty to protect the safety and well-being of people at risk because of their dealings with the Court should not override the right of the accused to a fair trial.</p>
<p>Because only some intermediaries had had allegations made against them, the Chamber proposed dealing with each on a case-by-case basis rather than using a blanket approach towards them as a whole. The disclosure threshold would be whether there were grounds for suspecting that they had been in contact with witnesses who had given incriminating evidence which was in doubt. If so, their identity would be disclosed to the Defence, although the Chamber would also investigate the possible consequences of disclosure for the intermediaries and their families and ensure their protection, as well as consider whether alternative options might be available. The identities of intermediaries who did not meet the threshold would not be disclosed, unless there were reasons to suspect that the intermediary had attempted to persuade a witness to give false evidence.</p>
<p>The Chamber also ruled that the two intermediaries against whom allegations of abuse of process had been made would be called before the court in order to investigate these allegations. Finally, the Chamber requested that an appropriate representative from OTP testify on the way intermediaries were used and ordered a schedule to be provided setting out known contact networks between intermediaries and witnesses and dates of meetings between them.</p>
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</description>
<author>Cecile Jeffries</author>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 2010 11:45:53 +0000</pubDate>
</item><item>
<title>Les vues des Victimes prennent une place centrale lors de la Conférence de Révision de la CPI </title>
<link>http://www.vrwg.org/home/home/post/9-les-vues-des-victimes-prennent-une-place-centrale-lors-de-la-conférence-de-révision-de-la-cpi-</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[
<p>La Conf&eacute;rence de R&eacute;vision de la CPI se tient du lundi 31 Mai au vendredi 11 juin 2010 &agrave; Kampala, Uganda. Le Statut de Rome pr&eacute;voit que sept ans apr&egrave;s son entr&eacute;e en vigueur, une conf&eacute;rence diplomatique sera charg&eacute; de r&eacute;viser ledit Statut. Parmi les points &agrave; l&rsquo;ordre du jour, les amendements possibles concernant la liste d&rsquo;armes interdites d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s la d&eacute;finition de crime de guerre, ainsi que l&rsquo;adoption d&rsquo;une d&eacute;finition du Crime d&rsquo;Agression.</p>
<p>Une des attentes vis-&agrave;-vis de cette Conf&eacute;rence de R&eacute;vision est qu&rsquo;elle soulignera l&rsquo;importance de la justice p&eacute;nale internationale du point de vue des victimes.&nbsp; Les victimes ne sont plus seulement des spectateurs devant souffrir en silence; il existe maintenant des structures telles que la Cour P&eacute;nale Internationale pour assurer aux victimes une voie ind&eacute;pendante pour leur permettre de se faire entendre en s&eacute;curit&eacute; et avec dignit&eacute;, et pour assurer qu&rsquo;elles obtiennent une justice ayant un sens. Les victimes sont les participants et les actionnaires les plus importants dans cette proc&eacute;dure. Des centaines de repr&eacute;sentants de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile se rendent sur Kampala, en provenance de toute l&rsquo;Afrique et du monde entier &ndash; cette expression de solidarit&eacute; est une d&eacute;claration vitale de &nbsp;l&rsquo;importance de la Cour; la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile soutient fermement les objectifs de la justice.</p>
<p>En ce qui concerne le bilan des progr&egrave;s accomplis depuis l&rsquo;entr&eacute;e en vigueur du Statut de Rome, il existe plusieurs d&eacute;fis notables. La protection des victimes, des t&eacute;moins et des personnes qui les assistent reste un d&eacute;fi majeur. Beaucoup de pays et de r&eacute;gions ou la Cour est active restent pr&eacute;caires &agrave; cause de conflits continus, et du fait que les auteurs et leurs associ&eacute;s peuvent &ecirc;tre toujours actifs. Assurer la protection de ceux qui assistent la Cour, y compris que les organisations de terrain, est essentiel au succ&egrave;s &agrave; long terme de la Cour.&nbsp; Il existe aussi le d&eacute;fi d&rsquo;assurer que le travail de la Cour ait du sens pour les victimes et que la Cour soit capable d&rsquo;offrir des r&eacute;parations aux victimes conform&eacute;ment &agrave; son mandat.</p>
<p>La Conf&eacute;rence de R&eacute;vision compte faire un &lsquo;bilan&rsquo; sur quatre sujets, avec une demie journ&eacute;e en session pl&eacute;ni&egrave;re sur chacun des th&egrave;mes suivants: paix et justice, l&rsquo;impact du Statut de Rome sur les victimes et les communaut&eacute;s affect&eacute;es, compl&eacute;mentarit&eacute; et coop&eacute;ration.</p>
<p>Plusieurs organisations de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile qui travaillent avec les victimes ont expliqu&eacute; comment l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e de la CPI dans le contexte de la justice transitionnelle a ouvert un dialogue sur les droits des victimes, &eacute;tant donn&eacute; que leurs droits ont un profil &eacute;lev&eacute; dans le Statut de la CPI (les victimes ont le droit de pr&eacute;senter leurs vues et pr&eacute;occupations, elles ont le droit de recevoir une protection et de l&rsquo;assistance, le droit &agrave; une repr&eacute;sentation l&eacute;gale et peuvent demander r&eacute;paration, &agrave; la fin du proc&egrave;s, dans le but d&rsquo;obtenir compensation et r&eacute;habilitation).&nbsp;</p>
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</description>
<author>VRWG</author>
<pubDate>Wed, 09 Jun 2010 17:25:25 +0000</pubDate>
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